N Flashcards
refers to the forces exerted on a group that push its
members closer together
Group Cohesiveness
process
whereby the presence of others
enhances performance on easy
tasks but impairs performance
on diffi cult tasks.
Social Facilitation
The proposition that the mere
presence of others is suffi cient
to produce social facilitation
effects.
Mere Presence Theory
A theory that the
presence of others will produce
social facilitation effects only
when those others are seen as
potential evaluators
Evaluation Apprehension Theory
A theory that the presence
of others will produce social
facilitation effects only when
those others distract from the
task and create attentional
confl ict.
Distraction Theory
The theory that individuals
will exert effort on a collective
task to the degree that they
think their individual efforts
will be important, relevant,
and meaningful for achieving
outcomes that they value.
Collective Effort Model
The loss of a
person’s sense of individuality
and the reduction of normal
constraints against deviant
behavior.
Deindividuation
A model of group behavior
that explains deindividuation
effects as the result of a shift
from personal ident
Social identity model of
deindividuation effects (SIDE)
The reduction
in group performance due to
obstacles created by group
processes, such as problems of
coordination and motivation.
Process Loss
People brainstorming
as a group come up
with a greater number
of better ideas than
the same number
of people working
individually
T or F?
False
A technique
that attempts to increase
the production of creative
ideas by encouraging group
members to speak freely without
criticizing their own or others’
contributions.
Brainstorming
The
exaggeration of initial
tendencies in the thinking
of group members through
group discussion.
Group Polarization
Group members’
attitudes about a
course of action
usually become more
moderate after group
discussion.
T or F
False
A group decision-
making style characterized by an
excessive tendency among group
members to seek concurrence.
Group Thinking
The condition
in which commitments to a
failing course of action are
increased to justify investments
already made.
Escalation Effect
The tendency
for groups to spend more time
discussing shared information
(information already known by
all or most group members)
than unshared information
(information known by only one
or a few group members).
Biased Sampling
A
shared system for remembering
information that enables multiple
people to remember information
together more effi ciently than
they could do so alone.
Transactive Memory
r group decision support systems), these programs help remove com-
munication barriers and provide structure and incentives for group
discussions and decisions
Group Support System
A situation in
which a self-interested choice by
everyone will create the worst
outcome for everyone.
Social Dilemma
A type
of dilemma in which one party
must make either cooperative
or competitive moves in relation
to another party. The dilemma
is typically designed so that the
competitive move appears to be
in one’s self-interest, but if both
sides make this move, they both
suffer more than if they had both
cooperated.
Prisoner’s Dilemma
Social
dilemmas involving how two or
more people will share a limited
resource.
Resource Dilemma
Large groups are
more likely than small
groups to exploit a
scarce resource that the
members collectively
depend on
True
.
.
A
negotiated resolution to a
confl ict in which all parties
obtain outcomes that are
superior to what they would
have obtained from an equal
division of the contested
resources.
Integrative Agreement
defined as a desire to establish social contact with others
Need for affiliation
The
desire to establish and maintain
many rewarding interpersonal
relationships.
Need for Affiliation
People seek out the
company of others, even
strangers, in times of
stress.
True
A feeling of
deprivation about existing
social relations
Loneliness
The
phenomenon whereby the more
often people are exposed to
a stimulus, the more positively
they evaluate that stimulus.
Mere Exposure Effect
Infants do not
discriminate between
faces considered
attractive and
unattractive in their
culture
T or F ?
False
The belief that physically attractive individuals also possess desirable personality characteristics.
what-is-beautiful-is-good
stereotype
People who are physically attractive
are happier and have higher self-esteem than those who are
unattractive
False
When it comes to
romantic relationships,
opposites attract.
T or F?
False
The
proposition that people are
attracted to others who are
similar in physical attractiveness.
Matching Hypothesis
A mutual exchange
between what we give and
receive—for example, liking
those who like us.
Reciprocity
The
tendency to prefer people who
are highly selective in their social
choices over those who are more
readily available.
Hard to get Effect
A close
relationship between two adults
involving emotional attachment,
fulfillment of psychological needs, or interdependence.
Intimate relationship
A
perspective that views people as
motivated to maximize benefi ts
and minimize costs in their
relationships with others.
Social Exchange Theory
The theory
that people are most satisfi ed
with a relationship when the
ratio between benefi ts and
contributions is similar for both
partners.
Equity Theory
A relationship in which the
participants expect and desire
strict reciprocity in their
interactions
Exchange Relationship
A relationship in which the
participants expect and desire
mutual responsiveness to each
other’s needs.
Communal relationship
A theory proposing that love
has three basic components—
intimacy, passion, and
commitment—that can be
combined to produce eight
subtypes.
triangular theory of love
Romantic love
characterized by high arousal,
intense attraction, and fear of
rejection
Passionate Love
a secure, trusting, and
stable partnership, similar to what Rubin called liking.
Companionate Love
The process
whereby arousal caused by one
stimulus is added to arousal
from a second stimulus and the
combined arousal is attributed to
the second stimulus.
Excitation Transfer
Revelations
about the self that a person
makes to others.
Self Disclosure
Men are more likely
than women to interpret
friendly gestures by the
opposite sex in sexual
term
True
A person’s
preference for members of
the same sex (homosexuality),
opposite sex (heterosexuality),
or both sexes (bisexuality).
Sexual Orientation
After the honeymoon
period, there is an overall
decline in levels of marital
satisfaction
T or F?
True
Actions intended to benefit others.
Pro social Behavior
Preferential
helping of genetic relatives,
which results in the greater
likelihood that genes held in
common will survive.
Kin Selection
Understanding or vicariously experiencing
another individual’s perspective and feeling sympathy and compassion for that individual
Empathy
People are more likely
to help someone in
an emergency if the
potential rewards seem
high and the potential
costs seem low
True
The proposition that people
react to emergency situations by
acting in the most cost-effective
way to reduce the arousal of
shock and alarm.
Arousal: Cost-reward model
The proposition that people help
others in order to counteract
their own feelings of sadness.
Negative state relief model
Motivated by the
desire to increase one’s own
welfare.
Egoistic
motivated by the desire to increase another’s welfare
Altruistic
The proposition that empathic
concern for a person in need
produces an altruistic motive
for helping
Empathy-altruism hypothesis
In an emergency, a
person who needs help
has a much better chance
of getting it if three other
people are present than
if only one other person
is present
T or F?
False
whereby the presence of others inhibits helping.
Bystander Effect
The
state in which people in a group
mistakenly think that their own
individual thoughts, feelings,
or behaviors are different from
those of the others in the group
Pluralistic ignorance
The belief that others will or
should take the responsibility for
providing assistance to a person
in need.
Diffusion of responsibility
Reluctance
to help for fear of making a bad
impression on observers.
Audience Inhibition
People are much more
likely to help someone
when they’re in a good
mood.
True
The effect
whereby a good mood increases
helping behavior.
Good Mood Effect
People are much less
likely to help someone
when they’re in a bad
mood.
T or F
True
A general rule of
conduct refl ecting standards of
social approval and disapproval.
Social Norms
A moral standard emphasizing
that people should help those
who need assistance.
Norms of social responsibility
Attractive people have
a better chance than
unattractive people of
getting help when they
need it
T or F ?
True
Women seek help
more often than men
do.
T or F ?
True
The theory that reactions to
receiving assistance depend on
whether help is perceived as
supportive or threatening
Threat to self esteem Theory
People are more likely to help someone in an emergency if the
potential rewards seem high and the potential costs seem low.
T or F
True
