MYP 4- Where are all the city Flashcards
What is urbanization?
The process by which an increasing percentage of a population lives in cities and urban areas.
What does ‘Sphere of Influence’ refer to?
The area or region influenced or served by a particular settlement, city, or economic activity.
Define ‘Range of Goods and Services’.
The variety of products and services available within a particular area or market.
What is a conurbation?
An extended urban area formed by the merging of multiple cities or towns.
Explain ‘Agglomeration’.
The clustering of businesses, industries, or services in a specific area for cost savings and efficiency.
What is Settlement Hierarchy?
A system categorizing settlements based on size, function, and significance.
List some social issues arising from urbanization.
- Inequality
- Overcrowding
- Health risks
What economic issues can urbanization present?
- Employment challenges
- High cost of living
- Infrastructure inadequacies
Identify environmental issues linked to urbanization.
- Pollution
- Resource depletion
- Climate change
What political issues are associated with urbanization?
- Governance challenges
- Difficulties in policy implementation
- Lack of public participation
Fill in the blank: Urban sprawl refers to the _______.
[uncontrolled or poorly planned expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural land]
Name some common reasons for urban sprawl.
- Population growth
- Affordable housing
- Increased car use
- Government policies
- Desire for more space
- Availability of land
- Economic growth
- Lack of urban planning
What is a land use model?
A conceptual framework explaining the patterns and distribution of different types of land uses within an urban area.
Describe the Concentric Zone Model.
A model suggesting cities grow outward from a central business district in concentric rings.
What does Zone 1 represent in the Concentric Zone Model?
The Central Business District (CBD), where commercial and economic activities are concentrated.
Explain the Sector Model.
A model suggesting cities develop in sectors or wedges radiating from the CBD, influenced by transportation.
What is the Multiple Nuclei Model?
A model arguing cities grow around multiple centers that influence land use patterns.
Define the Urban Realms Model.
A model that describes large cities as composed of several distinct, self-sustaining urban realms.
What characterizes the Edge City Model?
The emergence of new business districts on the outskirts of older cities, featuring commercial centers and residential zones.
What is GNI?
Gross National Income, a measure of a country’s income per capita.
What is Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)?
An economic theory comparing different countries’ currencies through a ‘basket of goods’ approach.
Fill in the blank: A High-Income Country (HIC) is defined by a GNI per capita of _______.
[13,046 USD and above]
List characteristics of High-Income Countries (HIC).
- High levels of industrialization
- High GDP
- Well-established healthcare
- Strong service sector
What is a High-Income Country (HIC)?
A country with a high Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, well-developed infrastructure, and high living standards.
Examples include the United States, Germany, Japan, United Kingdom, and Canada. GNI per capita is $13,046 and above.
What are the characteristics of High-Income Countries?
- High levels of industrialization and urbanization
- High GDP and high income per capita
- Well-established healthcare, education, and social services
- A strong service sector dominating the economy
Define Middle-Income Country (MIC).
A country with a moderate level of economic development, divided into Lower Middle-Income and Upper Middle-Income categories.
GNI per capita classifications are: Lower Middle-Income: $1,046 to $4,095; Upper Middle-Income: $4,096 to $12,695.
What are the characteristics of Middle-Income Countries?
- In the process of industrialization and urbanization
- Growing economies with increasing living standards
- Mixed economy of industrial, service, and agricultural sectors
What is a Low-Income Country (LIC)?
A country with a low Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, often facing significant challenges in poverty, education, healthcare, and infrastructure.
GNI per capita is $1,045 or less.
What are the characteristics of Low-Income Countries?
- Predominantly agricultural economies
- High levels of poverty, inequality, and unemployment
- Limited access to basic services such as healthcare and education
What is urbanization?
The increasing proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas.
List the main factors driving urbanization.
- Economic opportunities
- Technological advancements
- Rural to urban migration
- Globalization
- Population growth
True or False: Urban areas typically offer better access to healthcare and education.
True
What are some positive consequences of urbanization?
- Economic growth
- Job creation
- Innovation and creativity
- Improved infrastructure and services
- Cultural diversity
What are some negative consequences of urbanization?
- Overcrowding
- Environmental degradation
- Social inequality
- Increased cost of living
- Traffic congestion
Fill in the blank: The GNI per capita for Lower Middle-Income countries is between _______.
$1,046 and $4,095
What is the role of governments in urban planning?
To manage urban growth and address challenges such as overcrowding, pollution, and inadequate infrastructure.
List some initiatives governments have taken to improve urban life.
- Urban infrastructure development
- Affordable housing schemes
- Healthcare and social services improvements
- Environmental sustainability efforts
- Public safety enhancements
What is the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)?
An initiative by the Indian government aimed at providing affordable housing for all citizens by 2022.
What is the TransMilenio system?
A bus rapid transit (BRT) system in Bogotá, Colombia, designed to tackle traffic congestion.
What does the Singapore Green Plan 2030 focus on?
Greening urban environments through sustainable building practices and improving greenery.
What is the Social Entrepreneurship model?
A model that supports urban communities in creating businesses that address social issues like poverty and unemployment.
What are the key challenges to sustainable urban management?
- Population growth
- Resource consumption
- Pollution
- Inequality and poverty
- Housing affordability
True or False: Urban areas are among the largest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions.
True
What is the role of international organizations in urban development?
To provide funding, technical assistance, and advocacy for better urban policies.
What is the National Food Security Act?
An initiative in India aimed at addressing food insecurity among low-income urban households.
What is participatory budgeting?
A process used in local governance that allows residents to influence local budgets and urban development projects.
