Myositis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of myositis?

A

Polymyositis
Dermatomyositis

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2
Q

What is myositis (Polymyositis and dermatomyositis)?

A

Autoimmune condition causing muscle inflammation

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3
Q

How do Polymyositis and dermatomyositis both typically present?

A

Gradual onset, symmetrical proximal muscle weakness
Sometimes can have muscle pain (not always)

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4
Q

What is meant by Polymyositis and dermatomyositis both causing proximal muscle weakness?

A

Weaknesss of the tops of the arms and tops of the legs (shoulders and thighs)

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5
Q

What can trigger Polymyositis or dermatomyositis?

A

Underlying cancer (so then called paraneoplastic syndromes)
Viral infections (HIV or coxsackie virus)
HLA genes(risk factors)

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6
Q

How does dermatomyositis present differently to polymyositis?

A

Dermatomyositis has skin changes

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7
Q

What skin changes can be seen in dermatomyositis?

A

Gottron lesions
Heliotrope rash
Periorbital oedema
Photosensitive erythematous rash

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8
Q

What are gottron lesions in dermatomyositis?

A

Scaly erythematous patches on the knuckles elbows and knees

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9
Q

What is a heliotrope rash seen in dermatomyositis?

A

Purple rash on face and eyelids

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10
Q

Where on the body is a photosensitive erythematous rash typically seen with dermatomyositis?

A

Back
Shoulders
Neck

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11
Q

What investigations are done to diagnose polymyositis or dermatomyositis?

A

Creatine kinase levels
Electromyography
MRI
MUSCLE BIOPSY (ONLY DEFINITIVE WAY TO DIAGNOSE)
Autoantibodies

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12
Q

What autoantibodies are commonly raised with polymyositis?

A

Anti-jo-1 antibodies

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13
Q

What investigation will be raised with Polymyositis/dermatomyositis but normal with Polymyalgia rheumatica?

A

CK levels (Creatine kinase)

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14
Q

What are some causes of raised creatine kinase that is not Polymyositis or dermatomyositis?

A

Rhabdomyolysis
AKI
MI
Statins
Strenuous exercise

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15
Q

Why may a patient with polymyositis or dermatomyositis present with struggling to get out of chair, shortness of breath, difficulty swallowing and voice changes?

A

Weakness of diaphragmatic muscles for SOB
Weakness of oesophageal muscles and vocal cords

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16
Q

What is the pathophysiology of dermatomyositis?

A

Causes vasculitis which leads to ischaemic infarction and atrophy at the periphery of fascicles in the muscle (perifasicular atrophy)

17
Q

What is the pathophysiology of polymyositis?

A

Fibre necrosis occurs due to endomysial cellular infiltration of the muscle

18
Q

What does it seem is linked to Polymyositis and dermatomyositis?

A

Risk of malignancy

19
Q

What is the treatment for polymyositis and dermatomyositis?

A

Prompt (Prednisolone) corticosteroids (1mg/kg up to 60mg)
Then slowly ween off steroids once under control (if not under control on steroids give methotrexate or azathioprine)

20
Q

What do you do treatment wise if a pateitn relapses with polymyositis or dermatomyositis?

A

1st relapse: return to Prednisolone dose that kept them in remission
2nd relapse/corticossteroids never worked: switch to methotrexate or azathioprine

21
Q

What medication can you give to treat the rash in dermatomyositis?

A

Hydroxychloroquine

22
Q

What is a side effect of hydrorxychloroquine?

A

N+V
Diarrhoea
Ophthamotoxic = bullseye maculopathy
QT prolongation

23
Q

What are some causes of proximal muscle weakness?

A

Dermatomyositis
Polymyositis
Myasthenia gravis
Thyroid disease
Steroids
Statins
Osteomalacia
Hyperparathyroidism
Cushings

24
Q

When treating a patietn with long term corticosteroids, what other medications might you want to give?

A

Bisphosphonates like allendronic acid or zolendronic. Acid
PPIs (omeprazole)

25
Q

What must you do before giving a patient azithioprine?

A

Measure TPMT levels

26
Q

What must be done before giving a patient Azathioprine?

A

Measure TPMT levels