Myology and Biomechanics of Movement Flashcards
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue in the body?
Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
What is Skeletal Muscle?
‘voluntary muscle’ Muscles that you think about contracting and then the nervous system tells them to do so. Anchored to bone via tendons and is designed to generate skeletal movement
What is Smooth Muscle?
‘involuntary muscle’ found lining the walls of internal organs and structures such as the stomach, intensities and uterus
What is Cardiac Muscle?
also ‘involuntary muscle’ and is found only in the heart
What is an antagonistic pair?
A pair of muscles that when one contracts the other stretches
What does an agonist muscle do?
Contracts/produces movement
What does an antagonist muscle do?
Stretches, acting against or in opposition to the agonist muscle
How are muscles and the nervous system related?
The movement of muscles is coordinated and controlled by the nervous system, that sends a message to the muscles ‘telling’ it to move
Where is the Muscle Spindle Stretch Receptor found?
In the belly of all our skeletal muscles
What does the Muscle Spindle Stretch Receptor detect?
Length in a muscle
What does the Muscle Spindle Stretch Receptor do?
When a muscle stretches, the muscle spindle
that sends a signal to the spinal cord which in turn sends a message to the muscle to contract and resist
the stretch.
Why does the Muscle Spindle resist the stretch?
To protect the muscle from over-stretching or tearing
What is a spinal cord reflex arc?
A neural pathway that controls a reflex, where sensory neurons do not go all the way to the brain, only to the spinal cord
Is the muscle spindle a spinal cord reflex?
Yes
What causes the Muscle Spindle to decrease its firing?
Coming out of the pose slightly
Breath
Time
What are the two types of muscle contractions?
Isometric
Isotonic
What are the two types of isotonic muscle contractions?
Concentric
Eccentric
What is an isometric muscle contraction?
Muscle generates force without changing length
ie. holding a pose
What is an isotonic muscle contraction?
Tension remains unchanged but the muscle length changes
ie. Moving into a pose
What is a concentric muscle contraction?
Muscle contracts to meet resistance, whilst shortening
ie. bicep curl
What is an eccentric muscle contraction?
Muscle contracts whilst lengthening
ie. Putting shopping down
What are the four methods of stretching muscles used in yoga?
Ballistic
Passive
Active
Facilitated
What is ballistic stretching?
A form of passive stretching that uses a bouncing motion
What is passive stretching?
Uses body weight or gravity to create a stretch
What is active stretching?
Uses only muscular contraction to hold a pose
What is facilitated stretching?
Briefly contracting a muscle, allowing it to stretch further once relaxed
What is an example of ballistic stretching?
Surya Namaskar
Jumping through
What is an example of passive stretching?
Vasisthasana
What is an example of active stretching?
Utthita Hasta Padangusthasana
What is an example of facilitated stretching?
Consciously contracting the hamstrings in Janu Sirsasana
What is facilitated stretching also known as?
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation
What is the Golgi Tendon Organ?
A sensory receptor located where the muscle and tendon are joined
What does the Golgi Tendon Organ detect?
Changes in tension
What does the Golgi Tendon Organ do?
Signals the muscle to relax when tension increases
What is abduction?
Moving a body part away from the mid line
What is adduction?
Moving a body part towards or across the mid line
What is axial rotation?
Rotation of the vertebral column
What is lateral flexion?
Moving the head or trunk sideways away from the mid line
What is circumduction?
Circular movement at a synovial joint
What is dorsi flexion?
Flexing toes towards the face
What is eversion?
Movement of the sole of the foot laterally at the ankle
What is extension?
Restoring a body part to its anatomical position after flexion
What is flexion?
Moving two bones towards each other
What is inversion?
Movement of the sole of foot medially at the ankle
What is medial/internal rotation?
Rotation towards the centre of the body
What is lateral/external rotation?
Rotation away from the centre of the body
What is plantar flexion?
Bending the foot towards the sole (pointing)
What is pronation?
Facing downwards
What is supination?
Facing upwards
What is protraction?
Movement of the jaw or shoulders forward
What is retraction?
Movement of the jaw or shoulders backward
What are the nine major joints?
Ankle Knee Hip Lumbar Spine Thoracic Spine Cervical Spine Shoulder Elbow Wrist
What movements are the ankle capable of?
Dorsi flexion
Plantar flexion
Inversion
Eversion
What movements are the knee capable of?
Flexion
Extension
Internal/Medial Rotation
External/Lateral Rotation
What movements are the hips capable of?
Flexion Extention Abduction Adduction Internal/Medial Rotation External/Lateral Rotation
What movements are the lumbar spine capable of?
Flexion
Extension
Axial Rotation
Lateral Flexion
What movements are the thoracic spine capable of?
Flexion
Extension
Axial Rotation
Lateral Flexion
What movements are the cervical spine capable of?
Flexion
Extension
Axial Rotation
Lateral Flexion
What movements are the shoulder capable of?
Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Internal/Medial Rotation External/Lateral Rotation Protraction Retraction Circumduction
What movements are the elbow capable of?
Flexion
Extension
Pronation
Supination
What movements are the wrist capable of?
Flexion
Extension
