Myocardial Ischemia Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by myocardial ischaemia

A

Build up of atherosclerotic plaque which restricts arteries reducing the blood supply of blood and oxygen to the heart

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2
Q

What is meant by stable angina

A

Predictable chest pain or pressure due to physical excretion or emotional

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3
Q

What is the initial treatment of stable angina

A

Can be taken prophylactically or when symptoms arise
Glyceryl tritiinate dose can be taken at 5 minute intervals
- if symptoms hasn’t resolved after the second dose: medical emergency

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4
Q

What is the long term prevention of stable angina

A

1st line: beta blocker OR CCB if b-blocker is contraindicated)
2nd line: beta blocker and CCB ( amlodipine, lacidipine etc) never RL-CCB
3rd line: long acting nitrate, Nicorandil, ivabradine or ranolazine
-nicorandil: can cause GI and mucosal ulceration

Need to implement healthy life style measures
Introduce 75mg aspirin and low dose statin

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5
Q

What are nitrates

A

GTN sublingual tablets: should be discarded after 8 weeks after opening bottle

Tolerance:
Patients should have a nitrate free period to prevent tolerance
Second dose should be given 8 hours after first dose instead of 12
In transdermal use: patches Should be left off for 8-12 hours per day

Side effects:
Dizziness, flushing and headaches
Should be prescribed in caution in elderly due to risk of falls

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6
Q

What are the major risk factors of acute coronary syndrome

A

Family history
Hypertension
Hypercholesterolaemia
Diabetes
Smoking

All syndromes are quite similar in terms of initial and secondary treatment

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7
Q

What is the initial treatment of acute coronary syndrome

A

For confirmed ACS:
Loading dose of aspirin is 300mg
Pain relief: GTN +/- morphine
Oxygen if needed

From test results determine if NSTEMI, unstable angina or STEMI
-PARTIAL blockage of artery- myocardial necrosis in only NSTEMI
-COMPLETE blockage of artery causing myocardial necrosis is STEMI

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8
Q

What are the different types of ACS

A

From test results determine if NSTEMI unstable angina or STEMI:

NSTEMI and unstable angina: partial blockage of the artery
STEMI complete blockage of the artery
NSTEMI : ST zones of the ECG is not elevated
STEMI: ST zones of ECG is elevated

STEMI require percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) within 2 hours (unblocking the blocked artery )
- patients should be given heparin if PCI is done through radial access
Preferred secondary anti platelets would be prasugrel in long term management

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9
Q

What does NSTEMI stand for

A

Non ST elevated myocardial infarction

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10
Q

What is secondary prevention of ACS

A

Patient will walk out with these 5 medications

Dual anti platelet therapy
Lifelong is aspirin
12 months: clopidogrel, prasugrel or ticagrelor

Ace inhibitor:
ARB if ace is contraindicated

Beta blockers:
Might be discontinued after 12 months in patients without reduced LVEF

Statins:
High strength (atorvastatin 80mg)

Patients with NSTEMI might consider PCI to prevent future MI
Assess the risk of heart failure

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