Mycology Final Flashcards by Kennedi Steburg

What are yeasts?

Mostly Ascomycota, some Basidiomycota, typically single cellular

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How do they reproduce?

Asexually by budding and fission and sexually thru ascospores and basidiospores

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where do they live?

Sugary, nutrient-rich environments like fruit, flower and leaf surfaces, sometimes soil

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what are the beneficial and harmful roles of fungi?

Beneficial- Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), wine fermentation
Harmful- Thrush, ringworm, yeast infections (Candida albicans)

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What are the main types of human diseases and what types of fungi cause them?
Superficial mycoses
Cutaneous
Subcutaneous
Systemic dimorphic
Opportunistic systemic

Superficial mycoses- Saprophytic fungi
Cutaneous- Dermatophytes (feed on keratin) and yeasts
Subcutaneous- Soil saprophytes
Systemic dimorphic- Dimorphic fungi
Opportunistic systemic- Various fungi

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How are humans with immune deficiencies affected by fungi?

They are more susceptible to all infections, but especially the opportunistic ones. The infection will also be more serious.

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Apply the concept of the disease triangle to human diseases. What measures could you use to target each part of the triangle to control disease? Yeast infection

Pathogen- Decreasing quantity of inoculum
Host- Medicines
Environment- Limiting food sources and properly cleaning typical areas.

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How do fungi trap and feed on nematodes in the soil?

They have adhesive nets that trap the nematodes and sharp spores that when ingested will attach and infect the nematode and grow conidiophores.

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What kinds of fungi are pathogens of insects? How might these fungi be used in biocontrol?

Beauveria and Entomophthora control many insects and could be commercially produced as an insecticide.

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What is the role of fungi in the population decline seen recently in amphibians?

Chytridiomycosis-Infects the skin of amphibians and results in death.

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What are mycotoxins?

Chemicals produced by fungi under certain conditions. Typically target liver and lungs.

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Examples of common mycotoxins, the fungi that produce them

Aflatoxins- Produced by Aspergillus
Ochratoxin- Aspergillus & Penicillium produces
Fumonsins- Fusarium produces

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What are common sources of mycotoxins and what environmental or storage conditions may favor their production?

Aflatoxins- Pistachios and peanuts
Ochratoxin- Small grains, coffee, and grapes.
Fumonsins- Maize
Storing moist grains, and storing in warm temperatures can support growth.

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What are some food products that depend on fungal activity?

Cheese, bread, soy sauce, chocolate

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What is fermentation and what are some food products derived from it?

Turns sugar to 〖CO〗_2 and alcohol.
Beer, wine, bread

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What are white rot and brown rot fungi? How do they differ in their ability to degrade wood?

White rot- Degrades cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, causes stringy appearance.
Brown rot- Degrades cellulose and hemicellulose, leave behind bricks of lignin shell

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What kinds of metabolites and fungal products are most commonly used in industry?

Ethanol (crop fermentation), citric acid (fermentation of starch by aspergillus), pectinase (juice clarifier)

Give examples of industrial applications of fungi in medicine, food processing, paper making, biofuel production, other…

Antibiotics, pectinase (juice clarifier), plant growth hormone, eco packaging

What are fungi and where are they classified in the web of life?

Spore-producing organisms that feed on organic matter. They are in the domain eukarya, kingdoms eumycota and chromista.

What kingdoms are studied in mycology and what are their main characteristics?

Eumycota- True fungi, chitin cell wall
Chromista- Plant-like, cellulose walls

Be able to identify and describe the main characteristics that define Basidiomycota

Basidiomycota- Eumycota, dikaryotic, forcibly ejected basidiospores, extended dikaryophase, clamp connections

Be able to identify and describe the main characteristics that define Ascomycota

Ascomycota- Eumycota, dikaryotic, 8 ascospores in an ascus, can have forcibly ejected spores

Be able to identify and describe the main characteristics that define Zygomycota

Zygomycota- Eumycota, grow very quickly in culture, coenocytic hyphae, + and - hyphae

Be able to identify and describe the main characteristics that define Chytridiomycota

Chytridiomycota- Eumycota, mostly saprophytes, mostly in aquatic habitats, 1 flagellum

Be able to identify and describe the main characteristics that define Oomycota

Oomycota- Chromista, diploid coenocytic hyphae, have oogonium and antheridium

Be able to give a couple of examples of Basidiomycota and their importance or role

Basidiomycota- False truffle (causes illness when ingested), Chicken of the Woods (can be eaten)

Be able to give a couple of examples of Ascomycota and their importance or role

Ascomycota- Penicillium (makes penicillin), Ergot (responsible for Salem Witch Trials)

Be able to give a couple of examples of Zygomycota and their importance or role

Zygomycota- Rhizopus (bread mold), Spinellus (mushroom parasite)

Be able to give a couple of examples of Chytridiomycota and their importance or role

Chytridiomycota- Batrachochytrium (Chytridiomycosis), Rumen fungi (degrades plant cell walls)

Be able to give a couple of examples of Oomycota and their importance or role

Oomycota- Phytophthora infestans (Potato Late Blight),

Why are the Basidiomycota and Ascomycota most closely related phylogenetically? What do they have in common?

Cell walls of chitin, dikaryotic hyphae, septate hyphae with central pore, primary mycelium is haploid

What methods are used to isolate and identify fungi, including macrofungi and microfungi?

Macrofungi- Spore print, color of cap, presence/absence of stalk, gills or pores, type of pores Microfungi- Looking for sporangia, spores, conidia, septate/coenocytic hyphae, looking under dissecting microscope

What are some measures used to control fungal pathogens?

Prevent inoculation, destroy inoculum, make resistant host, fungicides

Be able to provide examples of the role of fungi as pathogens and mutualists with animals, plants and humans.

Pathogens- Late Blight, food spoilage, yeast infections Mutualisms with animals- Rumen fungi assist in digestion. Mutualism with plants- Mycorrhizal association (wood wide web) Mutualism with humans- Food and fermentation

Be able to identify the phylum and describe the variety of roles of Penicillium

Penicillium- Ascomycota, makes penicillin.

Be able to identify the phylum and describe the variety of roles of Aspergillus

Aspergillus- Ascomycota, fermentation of starch for citric acid

Be able to identify the phylum and describe the variety of roles of Rhizopus

Rhizopus- Zygomycota, Bread mold?

Be able to identify the phylum and describe the variety of roles of Fusarium

Fusarium- Ascomycota, produce fumonsin mycotoxin

Be able to identify the phylum and describe the variety of roles of Phytophthora

Phytophthora- Oomycota, Late Potato Blight

Be able to identify the phylum and describe the variety of roles of Agaricus

Agaricus- Basidiomycota, decomposer

Be able to identify the phylum and describe the variety of roles of Saccharomyces

Saccharomyces- Ascomycota, Baker’s yeast

Be able to identify the phylum and describe the variety of roles of Morchella

Morchella- Ascomycota, morels