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Mycology > Mycology Final > Flashcards

Mycology Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are yeasts?

A

Mostly Ascomycota, some Basidiomycota, typically single cellular

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2
Q

How do they reproduce?

A

Asexually by budding and fission and sexually thru ascospores and basidiospores

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3
Q

where do they live?

A

Sugary, nutrient-rich environments like fruit, flower and leaf surfaces, sometimes soil

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4
Q

what are the beneficial and harmful roles of fungi?

A

Beneficial- Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), wine fermentation
Harmful- Thrush, ringworm, yeast infections (Candida albicans)

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5
Q

What are the main types of human diseases and what types of fungi cause them?
Superficial mycoses
Cutaneous
Subcutaneous
Systemic dimorphic
Opportunistic systemic

A

Superficial mycoses- Saprophytic fungi
Cutaneous- Dermatophytes (feed on keratin) and yeasts
Subcutaneous- Soil saprophytes
Systemic dimorphic- Dimorphic fungi
Opportunistic systemic- Various fungi

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6
Q

How are humans with immune deficiencies affected by fungi?

A

They are more susceptible to all infections, but especially the opportunistic ones. The infection will also be more serious.

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7
Q

Apply the concept of the disease triangle to human diseases. What measures could you use to target each part of the triangle to control disease? Yeast infection

A

Pathogen- Decreasing quantity of inoculum
Host- Medicines
Environment- Limiting food sources and properly cleaning typical areas.

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8
Q

How do fungi trap and feed on nematodes in the soil?

A

They have adhesive nets that trap the nematodes and sharp spores that when ingested will attach and infect the nematode and grow conidiophores.

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9
Q

What kinds of fungi are pathogens of insects? How might these fungi be used in biocontrol?

A

Beauveria and Entomophthora control many insects and could be commercially produced as an insecticide.

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10
Q

What is the role of fungi in the population decline seen recently in amphibians?

A

Chytridiomycosis-Infects the skin of amphibians and results in death.

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11
Q

What are mycotoxins?

A

Chemicals produced by fungi under certain conditions. Typically target liver and lungs.

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12
Q

Examples of common mycotoxins, the fungi that produce them

A

Aflatoxins- Produced by Aspergillus
Ochratoxin- Aspergillus & Penicillium produces
Fumonsins- Fusarium produces

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13
Q

What are common sources of mycotoxins and what environmental or storage conditions may favor their production?

A

Aflatoxins- Pistachios and peanuts
Ochratoxin- Small grains, coffee, and grapes.
Fumonsins- Maize
Storing moist grains, and storing in warm temperatures can support growth.

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14
Q

What are some food products that depend on fungal activity?

A

Cheese, bread, soy sauce, chocolate

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15
Q

What is fermentation and what are some food products derived from it?

A

Turns sugar to 〖CO〗_2 and alcohol.
Beer, wine, bread

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16
Q

What are white rot and brown rot fungi? How do they differ in their ability to degrade wood?

A

White rot- Degrades cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, causes stringy appearance.
Brown rot- Degrades cellulose and hemicellulose, leave behind bricks of lignin shell

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17
Q

What kinds of metabolites and fungal products are most commonly used in industry?

A

Ethanol (crop fermentation), citric acid (fermentation of starch by aspergillus), pectinase (juice clarifier)

18
Q

Give examples of industrial applications of fungi in medicine, food processing, paper making, biofuel production, other…

A

Antibiotics, pectinase (juice clarifier), plant growth hormone, eco packaging

19
Q

What are fungi and where are they classified in the web of life?

A

Spore-producing organisms that feed on organic matter. They are in the domain eukarya, kingdoms eumycota and chromista.

20
Q

What kingdoms are studied in mycology and what are their main characteristics?

A

Eumycota- True fungi, chitin cell wall
Chromista- Plant-like, cellulose walls

21
Q

Be able to identify and describe the main characteristics that define Basidiomycota

A

Basidiomycota- Eumycota, dikaryotic, forcibly ejected basidiospores, extended dikaryophase, clamp connections

22
Q

Be able to identify and describe the main characteristics that define Ascomycota

A

Ascomycota- Eumycota, dikaryotic, 8 ascospores in an ascus, can have forcibly ejected spores

23
Q

Be able to identify and describe the main characteristics that define Zygomycota

A

Zygomycota- Eumycota, grow very quickly in culture, coenocytic hyphae, + and - hyphae

24
Q

Be able to identify and describe the main characteristics that define Chytridiomycota

A

Chytridiomycota- Eumycota, mostly saprophytes, mostly in aquatic habitats, 1 flagellum

25
Q

Be able to identify and describe the main characteristics that define Oomycota

A

Oomycota- Chromista, diploid coenocytic hyphae, have oogonium and antheridium

26
Q

Be able to give a couple of examples of Basidiomycota and their importance or role

A

Basidiomycota- False truffle (causes illness when ingested), Chicken of the Woods (can be eaten)

27
Q

Be able to give a couple of examples of Ascomycota and their importance or role

A

Ascomycota- Penicillium (makes penicillin), Ergot (responsible for Salem Witch Trials)

28
Q

Be able to give a couple of examples of Zygomycota and their importance or role

A

Zygomycota- Rhizopus (bread mold), Spinellus (mushroom parasite)

29
Q

Be able to give a couple of examples of Chytridiomycota and their importance or role

A

Chytridiomycota- Batrachochytrium (Chytridiomycosis), Rumen fungi (degrades plant cell walls)

30
Q

Be able to give a couple of examples of Oomycota and their importance or role

A

Oomycota- Phytophthora infestans (Potato Late Blight),

31
Q

Why are the Basidiomycota and Ascomycota most closely related phylogenetically? What do
they have in common?

A

Cell walls of chitin, dikaryotic hyphae, septate hyphae with central pore, primary mycelium is haploid

32
Q

What methods are used to isolate and identify fungi, including macrofungi and microfungi?

A

Macrofungi- Spore print, color of cap, presence/absence of stalk, gills or pores, type of pores
Microfungi- Looking for sporangia, spores, conidia, septate/coenocytic hyphae, looking under dissecting microscope

33
Q

What are some measures used to control fungal pathogens?

A

Prevent inoculation, destroy inoculum, make resistant host, fungicides

34
Q

Be able to provide examples of the role of fungi as pathogens and mutualists with animals,
plants and humans.

A

Pathogens- Late Blight, food spoilage, yeast infections
Mutualisms with animals- Rumen fungi assist in digestion.
Mutualism with plants- Mycorrhizal association (wood wide web)
Mutualism with humans- Food and fermentation

35
Q

Be able to identify the phylum and describe the variety of roles of Penicillium

A

Penicillium- Ascomycota, makes penicillin.

36
Q

Be able to identify the phylum and describe the variety of roles of Aspergillus

A

Aspergillus- Ascomycota, fermentation of starch for citric acid

37
Q

Be able to identify the phylum and describe the variety of roles of Rhizopus

A

Rhizopus- Zygomycota, Bread mold?

38
Q

Be able to identify the phylum and describe the variety of roles of Fusarium

A

Fusarium- Ascomycota, produce fumonsin mycotoxin

39
Q

Be able to identify the phylum and describe the variety of roles of Phytophthora

A

Phytophthora- Oomycota, Late Potato Blight

40
Q

Be able to identify the phylum and describe the variety of roles of Agaricus

A

Agaricus- Basidiomycota, decomposer

41
Q

Be able to identify the phylum and describe the variety of roles of Saccharomyces

A

Saccharomyces- Ascomycota, Baker’s yeast

42
Q

Be able to identify the phylum and describe the variety of roles of Morchella

A

Morchella- Ascomycota, morels

Mycology (1 decks)

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