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Mycology 3102 Final Exam > Mycology 3102 Final Exam > Flashcards

Mycology 3102 Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Monophyletic

A

A group composed of a collection of organisms that descended from a single ancestor.

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2
Q

Monokaryon

A

in ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, the haploid phase in which the hyphae contain only one type of nuclei (cf. dikaryon).

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3
Q

What is Heterokaryon

A

a hypha containing more than one kind of nucleus

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4
Q

What is Barrage

A

Zone of programmed cell death where two fungi meet, this is part of the fungal immune system

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5
Q

Polyphyletic

A

A group of organisms derived from more than one common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group and therefore not suitable for placing in the same taxon

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6
Q

Zygosporangium

A

Contains and gives rise to Zygospores. Part of the Zygomycota Phylum. Does not have a flagellum. Is part of the Eumycota making it a True Fungi

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7
Q

Zygospores

A

The sexual spores of Zygomycetes. The spores are formed by the fusion of two haploid nuclei and result in gametangia. The gametangia produce a zygote and later the zygote forms the zygospore.

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8
Q

Bioluminescence

A

The biochemical reaction produced by living organisms (e.g. mushrooms) that emits light (for example: neurospora crassa)

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9
Q

Homothallic

A

Self-fertile reproduction style, the mushroom has female and male reproductive parts

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10
Q

Heterothallic

A

having two or more morphologically similar haploid phases or types of which individuals from the same type are mutually sterile but individuals from different types are cross-fertile.

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11
Q

Apothecium

A

A spore-bearing fruiting body for the phylum Ascomycota. Usually saucer-shaped or cup-shaped. One of the 4 types of ascoma (fruitbodies).

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12
Q

What is the tetrapolar mating type?

A

Basidiomycete mating type; compatible alleles are located on two loci

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13
Q

What is the bipolar mating type?

A

Basidiomycete mating type; compatible alleles occur interchangeably at one loci

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14
Q

What is heterotrophic?

A

Fungi cannot produce their own food

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15
Q

What is saprotrophic?

A

They were feeding on organic, deceased material leads to obtaining nutrients. Decomposers are saprotrophic

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16
Q

What is a mutualistic relationship?

A

Interspecific relationship (+/+) that benefits both species. For example mycorrhizal fungi

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17
Q

Hymenium

A

Exposed surface from where the asci are being held on an apothecium.

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18
Q

What is biotroph?

A

Need a living host to grow

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19
Q

Perithecium

A

A round or flask-shaped fruiting body for the phylum Ascomycota. Has an ostiole and a neck through which the spores are discharged. One of the 4 types of ascoma. Known as Pyrenomycetes

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20
Q

What are extrolites?

A

Producing substances with no known role in primary metabolism usually related to secondary metabolism

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21
Q

What is primary metabolism?

A

Metabolites are intermediate end products of metabolism. Primary metabolites are essential for the proper growth of microorganisms

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22
Q

What is xerotolerant?

A

These fungi are capable of growing in dry conditions without water, for example, rocks, cheese, and chocolate.

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23
Q

What is phototropism?

A

The curvature of the fungi towards or away from a light source, for example, Pilobolus grows towards light

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24
Q

What is circadian rhythm?

A

Biological processes dictated by a 24hr light/dark cycle, such as growth rate, stress responses, developmental capacity and sporulation as well as much of metabolism; allows fungi to tell time

25
Q

What is spitzenkorper?

A

Organizing center for hyphal growth and morphogenesis

26
Q

What is mycelium?

A

Network of the root-like structures of fungi known as the hyphae

27
Q

Ostiole

A

The opening in a Perithecium fruit body which allows the discharge of the spores

28
Q

What is appressorium?

A

specialized cells typical of many fungal plant pathogens that are used to infect host plants. It is a flattened, hyphal “pressing” organ, from which a minute infection peg grows and enters the host. Penetration device

29
Q

Koch’s postulates?

A

A set of criteria that establish whether a particular organism is the cause of a particular disease:
1. The fungus must be consistently associated with the disease
2. The fungus must be isolated in axenic culture
3. Disease produced upon re-inoculation onto the healthy host
4. The fungus must be re-isolated from the new disease

30
Q

What is Lipase?

A

A family of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats, used in detergents, yogurts, cheeses, and fragrant esters. One example of fungal lipase is Rhizopus arrhizus

31
Q

What is Protease?

A

An enzyme that breaks apart peptide bonds of proteins and is derived from A. flavus/Aspergillus oryzae.

32
Q

What is Amylase?

A

an alpha-amylase enzyme preparation produced by Aspergillus oryzae, used in bread making and biofuels

33
Q

What are cellulase?

A

An enzyme found in fungi that can break down cell walls into simple sugars and has industrial uses in/for biofuel, food processing, and the textile industry. For example, cellulase derived from T. veride

34
Q

What are bioprospecting?

A

Screening for new natural resources to be used as antibiotics, in place of Penicillium

35
Q

What is dimorphic?

A

The ability of most pathogenic fungis to exist in two different forms; mold and yeast. The change in form is usually triggered by temperature change

36
Q

Cleistothecium

A

A globose, completely closed fruit body with no special opening to the outside for the phylum Ascomycota. One of the 4 types of ascoma.

37
Q

What are thermal dimorphic fungi?

A

The thermally dimorphic fungi are a unique group of fungi within the Ascomycota phylum that respond to shifts in temperature by converting between hyphae (22–25°C) and yeast (37°C)

38
Q

Ascus

A

A sac, typically cylindrical in shape, in which the spores of ascomycete fungi develop.

39
Q

Ascospore

A

An ascospore is a spore contained in an ascus, or that was produced inside an ascus. This kind of spore is specific to fungi classified as ascomycetes

40
Q

Unitunicate Operculate

A

One of the 4 types of Asci. Means Single wall and has an operculum that open up like a missile silo.

41
Q

Unitunicate Inoperculate

A

One of the 4 types of Asci. Means Single wall and has an apical ring that shoots out the spores under extreme pressure.

42
Q

Prototunicate

A

One of the 4 types of Asci. Looks like a ball and depends on the ascus wall degradation to release the spores

43
Q

Bitunicate

A

One of the 4 types of Asci. Means 2 coats Has thin outer wall but a thick inner wall. Operates in a “jack in the box” mechanism to release the spores.

44
Q

Anamorph

A

The asexual state of a fungi (the imperfect state). Ex. The Conidia cycle is asexual and this cycle of life would be called the Anamorph.

45
Q

Dikaryon

A

A pair of associated but unfused haploid nuclei of a fungus cell capable of participating in repeated cell division as separate entities prior to their ultimate fusion; two monokaryon nuclei

46
Q

Teleomorph

A

The sexual state of a fungi (the perfect state). Ex. The Ascospores cycle is sexual and this cycle of life would be called the Teleomorph.

47
Q

Holomorph

A

A fungus that is characterized both by sexual and asexual reproductive states. (Anamorph+ Teleomorph = Holomorph)

48
Q

What is Pileus?

A

The cap/top of a mushroom (see: cap of amanita mushrooms)

49
Q

What is Stipe?

A

The stalk/stem of a mushroom

50
Q

What is Volva?

A

Also referred to as the “universal veil”, a volva is a membraneous sac found at the base of a stipe on many filled mushrooms. https://merriam-webster.com/assets/mw/static/art/dict/volva.gif

51
Q

What is Cortina?

A

Cobweb-like, filamentous partial veil that is characteristic of fungi belonging to the genus Cortinarius.

52
Q

Conidium

A

A type of asexual reproductive spore of the fungi made on the conidiophores. Specific to Ascomycetes

53
Q

Conidiophore

A

Structure that holds the conidia (Specific to Ascomycetes)

54
Q

Phialide

A

The cell that gives rise to the conidium (Specific to Ascomycetes)

55
Q

Basidium

A

The organ in the members of the phylum Basidiomycota that bears sexually reproduced bodies called basidiospores. The basidium serves as the site of karyogamy and meiosis, functions by which sex cells fuse, exchange nuclear material, and divide to reproduce basidiospores. (Specific to Basidiomycete)

56
Q

Basidiomata

A

A fruiting body that bears basidia (mature spores in basidiomycetes), characteristic of many basidiomycetes. The fruit bodies are holobasidium (club-shaped, non-septae basidium), and phragmobasidia (septate basidium) and the non-fruitbody is teliobasidia

57
Q

Sterigmatum

A

The sterigmata are the slender extensions that connect the spores to the basidia (Specific to Basidiomycete)

58
Q

Clamp Connection

A

A clamp connection is a hook-like structure formed by growing hyphal cells of certain fungi. It is a characteristic feature of Basidiomycetes fungi

Mycology 3102 Final Exam (4 decks)

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