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Mycology > Mycology > Flashcards

Mycology Flashcards

1
Q

Yeasts

A

Unicellular eukaryotic organisms, typically flat, confluent growth on media

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2
Q

Molds

A

Growing hyphae. Dematiaceous or hyaline

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3
Q

Dematiaceous

A

Dark, (brown-black) color on growth plates conidia/hyphae are brown-black

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4
Q

Hyaline

A

Conidia/hyphae are lightly pigmented including shades of blue/green with lactophenol blue stain

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5
Q

Hyphae

A

Microscopic fungal cell of a mold

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6
Q

Aseptate

A

No breaks

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7
Q

Septate

A

Has breaks

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8
Q

Mycelium

A

Intertwined hyphae forming a thick mat

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9
Q

Vegetative hyphae

A

Under surface of the agar
-Food absorbing

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10
Q

Aerial hyphae

A

Above agar surface
-Supports sexual structures

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11
Q

Blastic

A

Conidia formed by enlarged parent cell, septum forms to divide it to form a daughter cell

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12
Q

Thallic

A

Division of a hyphal strand by formation of a septum into single cell units that then become conidia

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13
Q

Telemorph

A

Sexual state

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14
Q

Anamorph

A

Asexual state characterized by production of conidia or sporangiospores

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15
Q

Phylum Zygomycota

A

The Bread Molds
Ex) Rhizopus - black bread mold

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16
Q

Phylum Ascomycota

A

Sac Fungi
Ex) Yeast, morels, truffles

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17
Q

Phylum Basidiomycota

A

Club Fungi
Ex) Mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi, rusts, smuts, toadstools

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18
Q

Phylum Deuteromycota

A

Fungi Imperfi

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19
Q

Mycoses

A

Fungal disease

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20
Q

Superficial

A

Outermost layers of skin/hair, little pathology/cosmetic

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21
Q

Cutaneous

A

Skin/hair keratin

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22
Q

Subcutaneous

A

Skin, muscle, connective tissue immediately below the skin

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23
Q

Systemic

A

Deep tissues/organs

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24
Q

Mycotic diseases (4)

A

1) Hypersensitivity (Allergy)
2) Mycotoxicosis (Production of toxin)
3) Mycetismus (mushroom poisoning)
4) Infection

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25
Q

Farmer’s Lung

A

Moldy hay
Aspergillus spp.

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26
Q

Malt worker’s disease

A

Moldy barely
Aspergillus clavatus

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27
Q

Cheese washer’s lung

A

Moldy cheese
Penicillium casei

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28
Q

Wood trimmer’s disease

A

Moldy wood
Rhizopus spp., Mucor spp.

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29
Q

Opportunistic Fungi are found where?

A

-Soil, water, plants, i.e. ubiquitous
-Are saprobic

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30
Q

Ubiquitous

A

Found everywhere

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31
Q

Opportunistic Fungi - how do people get it?

A

-Contact through exposure. Some carry with no infection
-Conidia are inhaled

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32
Q

Opportunistic Fungi - who is affected?

A

-Rarely infect healthy people
-Injured/immunosuppressed/immunocompromised are at risk

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33
Q

Opportunistic Fungi - Growth

A

Grow rapidly

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34
Q

Saprobic

A

Live on decaying plant matter in soil, can become airborne

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35
Q

Opportunistic Fungi - Are they common?

A

-Very common in environment and are routinely found in sputum cultures and in labs (contamination)

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36
Q

Opportunistic Fungi - Pathogenic species

A

Apergillus & Zygomycetes

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37
Q

Opportunistic Fungi - Symptoms

A

Consistent with fungal disease. Varied depending on location within the human body

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38
Q

Aseptate (Zygomycota) Opportunists

A

-Terminal vesicle absent (have columellae at tips of sporangiophores)
-Terminal vesicle present

39
Q

Septate Opportunists

A

-Dematiaceous opportunists
-Hyaline opportunists

40
Q

Rhizoids

A

Root-like hyphae

41
Q

Stolons

A

Interconnecting runners between rhizoids, vine-like

42
Q

Columella

A

Supporting structure at the base of sporangia

43
Q

Apophysis

A

Swollen, funnel shaped columella

44
Q

Vesicle

A

A swollen hyphal end, specifically found in some zygomycetes and other fungi

45
Q

Sporangium

A

Sac-like structures at tip of sporangiophore

46
Q

Sporangiospores

A

Asexual spore of zygomycetes

47
Q

Zygomycetes

A

Contains ALL aseptate fungi

48
Q

Perfect fungi

A

Sexual and asexual

49
Q

Zygomycetes lacking terminal vesicles

A

-Absidia spp.
-Apophysomyces spp.
-Mucor spp.
-Rhizopus spp.

50
Q

Otomycosis

A

Ear infection

51
Q

Zygomycetes with terminal vesicles

A

Cunninghamella spp. and Syncephalastrum spp.

52
Q

Zygomycosis

A

-Infection via any zygomycota where the initial infection, often nasal sinuses, invades blood vessels and disseminates
-Can spread to brain and meninges causing meningoencephalitis

53
Q

Zygomycosis - Treatment

A

Prompt treatment with amphotericin B often curative, proper diagnosis critical;

54
Q

Glabrous

A

Way of describing culture plates - looks like lava rock

55
Q

Dematiaceous Opportunists

A

Aureobasidium, Alternaria, Bipolaris, Curvalaria, Epicoccum, Nigrospora

56
Q

Hyaline Opportunists

A

-Cause hyalohyphomycosis
-Acremonium, Apergillus, Chrysosporium, Fusarium, Gliocladium, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Scopulariopsis, Sepedonium

57
Q

Basics of disease

A

-Rarely is a single disease caused by a single microbe
-Rarely does a single microbe cause a single disease
-Exceptions: rabies virus, syphilis

58
Q

Opportunistic Mycoses

A

Hyalohyphomycosis, Phaeohyphomycosis, Aspergillosis, Penicilliosis, Keratomycosis, Otomycosis, Sinusitis

59
Q

Hyalohyphomycosis

A

Mycotic infection caused by a hyaline mold other than Aspergillis

60
Q

Phaeohyphomycosis

A

Mycotic infection caused by dematiaceous molds not usually associated with infection

61
Q

Aspergillosis

A

-Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
-Invasive aspergillosis
-Brain, heart, kidney

62
Q

Aspergillosis - Allergic bronchopulmonary

A

Cough, wheezing, fever

63
Q

Invasive aspergillosis

A

-Most common in immunocompromised
-Invade blood vessels and can infect any organ at this point

64
Q

Aspergillosis - brain, heart, kidney

A

Fever, chest pain, SOB, Aspergilloma, if untreated usually deadly

65
Q

Aspergilloma

A

‘Fungas ball’ in tissues of the lung itself

66
Q

Penicilliosis - Cause

A

Caused by Penicillium, Scopulariopsis, or Paecilomyces spp.

67
Q

Penicilliosis - Begins where?

A

Respiratory tract

68
Q

Penicilliosis - Hematogenous dissemination

A

CNS, kidneys, endocardium
-Fevers, chills, weakness, enlarged lymph nodes and hepatosplenomegaly

69
Q

Penicilliosis - Common where?

A

-China, Thailand
-Commonly infects HIV/AIDS patients

70
Q

Keratomycosis - Infects what

A

Infection of the cornea of the eye, continuous with the conjunctiva

71
Q

Keratomycosis - Predisposing factors

A

Include trauma or corticosteroid use

72
Q

Otomycosis

A

-Fungal infection of the external auditory canal of the ear
-Caused by many different fungi

73
Q

Otomycosis - Signs/symptoms

A

Inflammation, itching, reduced hearing (physical obstruction by hyphae)

74
Q

Sinusitis

A

Inflammation of the nasal sinuses

75
Q

Sinusitis - common in who?

A

Immunocompetent patients who suffer from allergic rhinitis
-If chronic infection is left untreated, could progress to CNS and become fatal

76
Q

Superficial fungi

A

-Dermatomycoses
-Fungi that invade keratin containing layers of skin, hair and nails
-Often referred to as Tineas and Piedra
-Communicable skin diseases

77
Q

Dermatophytes

A

-Dermatophytosis
-Fungi that infect keratin containing layers of skin, hair and nails specifically caused by one of the 3 genera: Microsporum, Epidermophyton, and Trichophyton spp.
-Communicable diseases
-Do not invade beyond keratin layers
-Tinea term used

78
Q

Specimens for Superficial Fungi

A

-Skin scrapings
-Plucked hairs

79
Q

Piedra

A

Affects the hair, no hair loss
-Cosmetic
-Discomfort

80
Q

Superficial Tineas

A

Affect superficial skin, nails and hair
-Tinea nigra
-Tinea versicolor aka pityriasis versicolor

81
Q

Anthrophilic

A

People loving - chronic

82
Q

Zoophilic

A

Live on animals

83
Q

Geophilic

A

Live in the soil

84
Q

Microsporum - Infect what?

A

Infects skin and ectothrix hair
-Various species in Microsporum genus produce pteridine (fluorescent metabolite) fluoresces green-yellow under a Wood’s lamp.

85
Q

Epidermophyton - infect what?

A

Infects skin and nails

86
Q

Trichophyton mentagrophytes, rubrum and verrucosum - infect what?

A

Infect skin, nails and ectothrix hair

87
Q

Trichophyton tonsurans, schoenleinii and violaceum

A

Infect skin, nails and endothrix hair

88
Q

Dermatophyte Infections (Dermatophytosis)

A

-Exhibit centrifugal growth (ring like aka Tinea- latin for ringworm).
-Tinea is the first word in the names of the diseases The second word in the name identifies the body area affected. Ex) Tinea corporis – ringworm of the body
-Onychomycosis

89
Q

Yeasts

A

-Some are normal flora (e.g. Candida albicans) - Endogenous infections
-Helpful – beer & bread (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
-Opportunistic v. virulent pathogen (those not part of normal flora causing disease).
-Eukaryotic unicellular organisms that reproduce by budding

90
Q

Clinically Important Yeasts

A

Candida, Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula, Geotrichum, Pneumocystis, Saccharomyces

Note: Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans are the most common yeasts causing human disease.

91
Q

Yeast - Laboratory ID

A
  • Yeasts are obtained from any specimen source
  • Proper ID relies heavy on biochemical ID lending nicely to commercially developed rapid kit tests.
  • No special precautions or procedures are required such as in molds (Universal Precautions).
92
Q

Germ tube test

A
  • Take 0.5 mL of rabbit, fetal calf or human serum and place into a test tube.
  • Take a small sample of the organism in question from the plate and place into the test tube.
  • Do not take too much inoculum. Too much impedes germ tube production.
  • Incubate at 37 degrees C for 3 hours.
  • Take small drop, place on slide and coverslip and examine for germ tubes
93
Q

Cleistothecia

A

Completely enclosed ascocarp, the membrane is intact. When cleistothecia rupture asci are released which contain 8 light brown oval ascospores.

Mycology (1 decks)

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