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TOEFL & GMAT vocabularies > My Vocabularies [TOEFL & GMAT] > Flashcards

My Vocabularies [TOEFL & GMAT] Flashcards

Everything I found on Toefl and GMAT practice test :)

1
Q

Derived

A

to receive or obtain from a source or origin (usually followed by from)
“A novel form of biodiesel is derived from an unusual feedstock”

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2
Q

Interpretation

A

an explanation of the meaning of another’s artistic or creative work; an elucidation
“an interpretation of a poem”

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3
Q

Constitution

A

the composition of something.
“the genetic constitution of a species”

a body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed.
“Those of us who worry about the constitution will face the precedent that this Government has established of being able to tinker with judges.”

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4
Q

Legislation

A

the act of making or enacting laws.
“Inevitably, any legislation providing government health insurance will have consequences in these areas, too”

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5
Q

Aspects

A

a way in which a thing may be viewed or regarded; interpretation; view
“Both aspects of a decision”

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6
Q

Commission

A

An instuction, command, or duty given to a person or group of people.
“His commission to redesign the building”
Synonyms: Task, Employment, Job, Project, Mission, Assignment

A group of people officially charged with a paricular function.
“The United Nations High Commission for Refugees”
Synonyms: Committee, Board, Council

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7
Q

Relevant

A

closely connected or appropriate to the matter at hand.
“The candidate’s experience is relevant to the job”

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8
Q

Consequences

A

a result or effect of an action or condition.
“Many have been laid off from work as a consequence of the administration’s policies”

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9
Q

Perceived

A

become aware or conscious of (something); come to realize or understand.
“His mouth fell open as he perceived the truth”

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10
Q

Institute

A

a society or organization having a particular object or common factor, especially a scientific, educational, or social one.
“the Institute for Advanced Studies”

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11
Q

Dominant

A

most important, powerful, or influential.
“They are now in an even more dominant position in the market”

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12
Q

Deduction

A

the action of subtracting something.
“The dividend will be paid without deduction of tax”

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13
Q

Reliance

A

dependence on or trust in someone or something.
“The farmer’s reliance on pesticides”

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14
Q

Validity

A

the quality of being logically or factually sound; soundness or cogency.
“One might question the validity of our data”

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15
Q

Corresponding

A

similar in character, form, or function.
“We discussed our corresponding viewpoints”

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16
Q

Circumstances

A

one’s state of financial or material welfare.
“The artists are living in reduced circumstances”

a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action.
“we wanted to marry but circumstances didn’t permit”

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17
Q

Instance

A

an example or single occurrence of something.
“a serious instance of corruption”

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18
Q

Considerable

A

rather large or great in size, distance, extent, etc.
“We took a considerable length of time to decide”

worthy of respect, attention, etc.; important; distinguished
“a considerable person”

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19
Q

Contributions

A

a gift or payment to a common fund or collection.
“charitable contributions”
Synonyms: Donation, Gift, OFfering, Present

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20
Q

Schemed

A

make plans, especially in a devious way or with intent to do something illegal or wrong.
“he schemed to bring about the collapse of the government”

a large-scale systematic plan or arrangement for attaining some particular object or putting a particular idea into effect.
“a clever marketing scheme”

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21
Q

Emerged

A

move out of or away from something and come into view.
“Black ravens emerged from the fog”

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22
Q

Hence

A

as a consequence; for this reason.
“a stiff breeze and hence a high windchill”

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23
Q

Retain

A

continue to have (something); keep possession of.
“Built in 1830, the house retains many of its original features”

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24
Q

Imposed

A

force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place.
“The decision was theirs and was not imposed on them by others”

take advantage of someone by demanding their attention or commitment.
“She realized that she had imposed on Miss Hatherby’s kindness”

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25
Q

Ethnic

A

of or relating to a population subgroup (within a larger or dominant national or cultural group) with a common national or cultural tradition.
“Leaders of ethnic communities”
“They are, instead, a subset of the country’s citizens: those who belong to the ethnic Slav majority”

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26
Q

Attributed

A

regard something as being caused by (someone or something).
“He attributed the firm’s success to the efforts of the managing director”
Sysnonyms: Ascribe to, Accredit to, Credit to

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27
Q

Implication

A

the conclusion that can be drawn from something, although it is not explicitly stated.
“The implication is that no one person at the bank is responsible”

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28
Q

Resolution

A

a firm decision to do or not to do something.
“She kept her resolution not to see Anne any more”
Synonyms: Intention, Decision, Intent, Aim, Plan, Commitment, Promise, Pledge

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29
Q

Adequate

A

satisfactory or acceptable in quality or quantity.
“This office is perfectly adequate for my needs”

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30
Q

Alter

A

change or cause to change in character or composition, typically in a comparatively small but significant way.
“Eliot was persuaded to alter the passage”

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31
Q

Precise

A

marked by exactness and accuracy of expression or detail.
“precise directions”

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32
Q

Pursued

A

follow (someone or something) in order to catch or attack them.
“The officer pursued the van”

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33
Q

Exposure

A

the revelation of an identity or fact, especially one that is concealed or likely to arouse disapproval.
“She took her life for fear of exposure as a spy”

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34
Q

Whereas

A

in contrast or comparison with the fact that.
“you treat the matter lightly, whereas I myself was never more serious”

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35
Q

Facilitate

A

make (an action or process) easy or easier.
“Schools were located on the same campus to facilitate the sharing of resources”

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36
Q

Amendment

A

a minor change in a document.
“Had he been told about this, he would have made the necessary amendments to the sale documents to reflect that fact”

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37
Q

Discretion

A

the freedom to decide what should be done in a particular situation.
“It is up to local authorities to use their discretion in setting the charges”

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38
Q

Subsidiary

A

a company controlled by a holding company.
“Most public companies have a holding company and subsidiaries”

less important than but related or supplementary to.
“many environmentalists argue that the cause of animal rights is subsidiary to that of protecting the environment”

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39
Q

Preceded

A 
come before (something) in time.
"a gun battle had **preceded** the explosions"
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40
Q

Incentive

A

a thing that motivates or encourages one to do something.
“There is no incentive for customers to conserve water”

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41
Q

Inhibitions

A

a feeling that makes one self-conscious and unable to act in a relaxed and natural way.
“The children, at first shy, soon lost their inhibitions”

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42
Q

Explicit

A

stated clearly and in detail, leaving no room for confusion or doubt.
“The speaker’s intentions were not made explicit”
Sysnonyms: Clear, Plain, Straightforward, Easily Understanable, Precise

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43
Q

Rational

A

based on or in accordance with reason or logic.
“I’m sure there’s a perfectly rational explanation”

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44
Q

Initiative

A

the ability to assess and initiate things independently.
“use your initiative, imagination, and common sense”

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45
Q

Disposal

A

the action or process of throwing away or getting rid of something.
“The disposal of radioactive waste”

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46
Q

Paradigm

A

a typical example or pattern of something; a model.
“There is a new paradigm for public art in this country”

a set of linguistic items that form mutually exclusive choices in particular syntactic roles.
English determiners form a paradigm: we can say “a book” or “his book” but not “a his book.”

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47
Q

Extracted

A

remove or take out, especially by effort or force.
“The decayed tooth will have to be extracted”
“He extracted a completely personal meaning from what was said”

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48
Q

Advocated

A

publicly recommend or support.
“They advocated an ethical foreign policy”

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49
Q

Comprehensive

A

complete; including all or nearly all elements or aspects of something.
“A comprehensive list of sources”

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50
Q

Empirical

A

based on, concerned with, or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic.
“They provided considerable empirical evidence to support their argument”

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51
Q

Quotation

A

a group of words taken from a text or speech and repeated by someone other than the original author or speaker.
“a quotation from Mark Twain”

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52
Q

Contrary

A

opposite in nature, direction, or meaning.
“He ignored contrary advice and agreed on the deal”

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53
Q

Termination

A

the action of bringing something or coming to an end.
“The termination of a contract”

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54
Q

Arbitrary

A

based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system.
“His mealtimes were entirely arbitrary”
Synonyms: Capricious, Whimsical, Random, Chance, Unpredictable

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55
Q

Exploitation

A

the action or fact of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work.
“The exploitation of migrant workers”

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56
Q

Predominantly

A

mainly; for the most part.
“It is predominantly a coastal bird”

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57
Q

Thereby

A

by that means; as a result of that.
“students perform in hospitals, thereby gaining a deeper awareness of the therapeutic power of music”

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58
Q

Implicit

A

implied though not plainly expressed.
“Comments seen as implicit criticism of the policies”
Synonyms: Implied, Hinted at, Suggested, Unspoken

with no qualification or question; absolute.
“An implicit faith in God”
Synonyms: Absolute, Complete, Total, Wholehearted, Utter

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59
Q

Conformity

A

compliance with standards, rules, or laws.
“Conformity to regulations”

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60
Q

Contemporary

A

Living or occurring at the same time.
“The event was recorded by a contemporary historian”

Belonging to or occuring in the present
“The tension and complexities of our contemporary society”
Synonyms: Fashionable, Modish, Latest, Recent, Up to date

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61
Q

Fluctuations

A

an irregular rising and falling in number or amount; a variation.
“Fluctuations in the yearly values could be caused by a variety of factors”

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62
Q

Commodity

A

a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee.
“Exports of primary commodities and the import of finished products are not favorable for any country”

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63
Q

Practitioner

A

a person actively engaged in an art, discipline, or profession, especially medicine.
“Patients are treated by skilled practitioners”

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64
Q

Radical

A

advocating or based on thorough or complete political or social reform; representing or supporting an extreme section of a political party.
“a radical American activist”

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65
Q

Prospect

A

the possibility or likelihood of some future event occurring.
“There was no prospect of a reconciliation”
“For potential investors, the prospect of enjoying cheap beer is far more appealing”
Synonyms: Likelihood, Hope, Expectation, Anticipation

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66
Q

Induced

A

succeed in persuading or influencing (someone) to do something.
“The pickets induced many workers to stay away”

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67
Q

Commenced

A

begin; start.
“Next month the guild will hold its Christmas party commencing at 1pm”

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68
Q

Ceases

A

bring or come to an end.
“The hostilities had ceased and normal life was resumed”

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69
Q

Incompatible

A

(of two things) so opposed in character as to be incapable of existing together.
“Cleverness and femininity were seen as incompatible”

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70
Q

Concurrent

A

existing, happening, or done at the same time.
“There are three concurrent art fairs around the city”

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71
Q

Integral

A

necessary to make a whole complete; essential or fundamental.
“Games are an integral part of the school’s curriculum”

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72
Q

Confine

A

keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits of (space, scope, quantity, or time).
“He does not confine his message to politics”
“He was confined to a wheelchair and told that he would never walk again”

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73
Q

Distorted

A

pulled or twisted out of shape; contorted.
“Then he took a few steps in her direction, his face distorted with rage”

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74
Q

Analogous

A

comparable in certain respects, typically in a way that makes clearer the nature of the things compared.
“They saw the relationship between a ruler and his subjects as analogous to that of father and children”

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75
Q

Diminish

A

make or become less.
“A tax whose purpose is to diminish spending”

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76
Q

Mediation

A

intervention in a dispute in order to resolve it; arbitration.
“The parties have sought mediation and it has failed”
“The other side has consistently refused mediation , the logical solution”

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77
Q

Inherent

A

existing in something as a permanent, essential, or characteristic attribute.
“Any form of mountaineering has its inherent dangers”

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78
Q

Albeit

A

although
“He was making progress, albeit rather slowly.”

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79
Q

Reluctant

A

unwilling and hesitant; disinclined
“She seemed reluctant to discuss the matter”

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80
Q

Persistent

A

continuing to exist or endure over a prolonged period.
“Persistent rain will affect many areas”

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81
Q

Integrity

A

adherence to moral and ethical principles
“A gentleman of complete integrity”

the state of being whole, entire, or undiminished.
“An alliance with Britain would offer no guarantees with regard to territorial integrity of the Netherlands in Europe”

a sound, unimpaired, or perfect contition
“Like system backups, integrity checking is an important component of a larger plan”

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82
Q

Levy

A

impose (a tax, fee, or fine).
“A new tax could be levied on industry to pay for cleaning up contaminated land”

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83
Q

Prescient

A

having or showing knowledge of events before they take place.
“A prescient warning”
“That prediction looks even more prescient since the surge in oil prices”

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84
Q

Commend

A

praise formally or officially.
“He was commended by the judge for his courageous actions”

entrust someone or something to.
“I commend them to your care”

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85
Q

Confound

A

cause surprise or confusion in (someone), especially by acting against their expectations.
“The inflation figure confounded economic analysts”
Synonyms: Amaze, Astonish, Dumbfound, Surprise, Stun

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86
Q

Prominent

A

important; famous.
“She was a prominent member of the city council”

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87
Q

Malleable

A

(of a metal or other material) able to be hammered or pressed permanently out of shape without breaking or cracking.
“Industrial and commercial fittings are made from galvanized steel, cast iron, or malleable steel”

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88
Q

Contend

A

struggle to surmount (a difficulty or danger).
“She had to contend with his uncertain temper”

Assert something as a position in an argument.
“He contends that the judge was wrong”

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89
Q

Reconcile

A

restore friendly relations between.
“She wanted to be reconciled with her father”

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90
Q

Suffrage

A

the right to vote in political elections.
“General elections with universal adult suffrage were held in April 1965, with several political parties represented”

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91
Q

Assert

A

state a fact or belief confidently and forcefully.
“The company asserts that the cuts will not affect development”

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92
Q

Desolate

A

(of a place) deserted of people and in a state of bleak and dismal emptiness.
“A treeless, desolate landscape”
“Although Herbert becomes desolate, he never despairs”

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93
Q

Presumably

A

used to convey that what is asserted is very likely though not known for certain.
“The Yakima Indians presumably came from Asia by way of the Bering Strait”
Synonyms: Expect, Assume, Suppose, Imagine

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94
Q

Resurgence

A

an increase or revival after a period of little activity, popularity, or occurrence.
“A resurgence of interest in religion”
Synonyms: Renewal, Revival, Recovery, Comeback, Resurrection, Reawakening

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95
Q

Thorough

A

complete with regard to every detail; not superficial or partial.
“Planners need a thorough understanding of the subject”

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96
Q

Markedly

A

to an extent that is clearly noticeable; significantly.
“New diagnoses have increased markedly since 1998”

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97
Q

Pragmatic

A

dealing with things sensibly and realistically in a way that is based on practical rather than theoretical considerations.
“As I read history, most of the founders were sensible and pragmatic men rather than visionary idealists.”
Synonyms: Practical, Matter of Fact, Sensible, Commonsensical

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98
Q

Rigorous

A

extremely thorough, exhaustive, or accurate.
“The rigorous testing of consumer products”
Synonyms: Meticulous, Conscientious, Punctilious, Careful, Diligent, Attentive

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99
Q

Converge

A

(of several people or things) come together from different directions so as eventually to meet.
“Sometimes Asian performance art and body art converge with developments in the West”
“The three lines converge in a single point, which presumably corresponds to the present moment”

100
Q

Artiticulate

A

express (an idea or feeling) fluently and coherently.
“They were unable to articulate their emotions”
“Elementary-school children may more directly articulate their feelings of sadness or anger about a parent’s departure”
Synonyms: Eloquent, Fluent, Persuasive, Lucid, Communicate, State

101
Q

Multivalent

A

having or susceptible to many applications, interpretations, meanings, or values.
“Even in its own terms Islam is and has always been multivalent”
“In general, desorption of supported membranes is hard to control if multivalent interaction sites have to be broken”

102
Q

Debunk

A

expose the falseness or hollowness of (a myth, idea, or belief).
“The magazine that debunks claims of the paranormal”
Synonyms: Explode, Deflate, Quash, Discredit, Disprove, Contradict, Controvert

103
Q

Benign

A

gentle; kindly.
“Her face was calm and benign”

(of a disease) not harmful in effect: in particular, (of a tumor) not malignant.
“In actual fact, for the vast majority of cases, the childhood infectious diseases are benign and self-limiting”

104
Q

Deprive

A

deny (a person or place) the possession or use of something.
“The city was deprived of its water supplies”
“You are deprived of love and affection from your family”

105
Q

Compel

A

force or oblige (someone) to do something.
“A sense of duty compelled Harry to answer her questions”
“Liz suddenly felt a strange force compelling her to return to bed”
Synonyms: Force, Pressure, Push, Urge, Intimidate

106
Q

Vicinities

A

the area near or surrounding a particular place.
“After 1660, vines were planted in Kursk, Tambov, and in the vicinities of Tula and Moscow.”
Synonyms: Neighborhood, Surrounding, Area, Locality, District

107
Q

Urbane

A

(of a person, especially a man) suave, courteous, and refined in manner.
“Cary Grant, you will remember, was the sophisticated, urbane Englishman”
“He replied urbanely , ‘I like to look out for the interests of my friends’”
Synonyms: Suave, Sophisticated, Worldly, Cultivated, Civilized, Culture

108
Q

Consensus

A

general agreement.
“A consensus of opinion among judges”

109
Q

Counterpart

A

a person or thing holding a position or performing a function that corresponds to that of another person or thing in another place.
“the minister held talks with his French counterpart”
Synonyms: Equivalent, Peer, Parallel

110
Q

Depict

A

show or represent by a drawing, painting, or other art form.

“THe four-metre wide painting depicts a typical Lowry scene of Victorian life in a northern cotton town”
“Factorty workers are depicted as work-shy and devious company directors as unscrupulous”

Synonyms: Portray, Represent, Picture, Illustrate

111
Q

Impeccable

A

in accordance with the highest standards of propriety; faultless

“I have chosen it because of the impeccable reputation of the journalists concerned”
“The piano and string arrangements are uniformly excellent and impeccably recorded”

Synonyms: Flawless, Faultless, Spotless

112
Q

Monetary

A

relating to money or currency

“Documents with little or no monetary value”
“The company wants an injunction and is currently investigating monetary damages

Synonyms: Money, Financial, Fiscal

113
Q

Coincidence

A

a remarkable concurrence of events or circumstances without appearent causal connection

“By coincidence, he lived in my same building where i had just bought an apartment”
“It’s no coincidence that this new burst of innovation has occured in the free nations”

Synonyms: Accident, Co-occurrence

114
Q

Shortcoming

A

a fault or failure to meet a certain standard, typically in a person’s character, a plan, or a system

“Unless we are prepared to accept our shortcomings, we will never improve our condition”
“The internet is showing real shortcomings, as users increase and applications diversify”

Synonyms: Defect, Fault, Flaw, Imperfection

115
Q

Conflate

A

combine (text, idea, etc) into on

“The urban crisis conflates a number of different economic and social issues”
“She conflates ideas associated with the French revolution with contemporary American life”

Synonyms: Mix, Blend, Fuse, Unite, Integrate

116
Q

Sparse

A

thinly dispersed or scattered

“I only use an eyebrow pencil to fill in my sparse eyebrows”
“At an average height of 5,000 metres above sea level, Tibet is sparsely populated”

117
Q

Subtle

A

so delicate or precise as to be difficult to analyze or describe

“The change are so subtle that they are difficult to apprehend and you cannot be certain that this is the case”
“They would prefer more subtle methods of signaling unhappiness with a stock”

Synonyms: Fine

118
Q

Deteriorate

A

become progressively worse

“Relations between the countries had deteriorated sharply”
“Eyesight deteriorates with age, making it difficult to focus on small print”

Synonyms: Decline

119
Q

Thrive

A

grow or develop well or vigorously

“Barn owls thrive in and around human settlements in villages, towns and cities”
“The fanatics who buy into the al-Qaeda ideology thrive on anger and hate”

Synonyms: expand

120
Q

Herbivores

A

an animal that feeds on plant

“The natural world requires a balance of carnivores, omnivores and herbivores”

121
Q

Latter

A

occurring nearer to the end of something than to the beginning

“The latter half of 1989”
“THe Russians could advance into either Germany or Austria - they chose the latter option”

122
Q

Suburbs

A

an outlying district of a city, especially a residential one

“The subjects come from a variety of backgrounds from inner city ghettoes to upmarket suburbs”
“We did much better in the inner city than in the suburbs and the countryside”

123
Q

Recreational

A

relating to activity done for enjoyment when one is not working

“Initially, children had no access to recreational facilities, not even balls”
“For the last forty years, attiudes towards recreational drug use have steadily been relaxing”

124
Q

Inadvertent

A

not resulting from deliberate planning

“An inadvertent administrative error occurred that resulted in an overpayment”

Synonyms: Unintentional

125
Q

Compelling

A

evoking interest in a powerfully irresistible way

“Their secret courage has inspired a compelling new movie”
“The arguments are constructive with compelling evidence to support the claims”

Synonyms: Captivating

126
Q

Terrestrial

A

relating to the earth

“Increased ultraviolet radiation may disrupt terrestrial ecosystems”
“Ranunculus repens is a terrestrial plant that thrives in damp habitats”

127
Q

Controversy

A

disagreement, typically when prolonged, public, and heated

“He sometimes caused controversy because of his forceful views”
“The announcement ended a protracted controversy”

Synonyms: Dispute

128
Q

Vertebrates

A

an animal possess a backbone or spinal column (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes)

“The limbs of tetrapod vertebrates evolved from fins, with the digits as a novel feature”

129
Q

Excrete

A

(of a living organism) separate and expel as waste

“Excess bicarbonate is excreted by the kidney”
“When it drinks seawater, the animal excretes salt though the tears, which are simply a concentrated salt solution”

Synonyms: Expel, Discharge

130
Q

Renal

A

relating to the kidneys

“The number of people who develop and stage renal failure and require renal replacement therapy is ever increasing”

131
Q

Prefigure

A

be an early version of (something)

“Indeed, the prefigurative approach embraced by Kovel is an essential step forward”
“Some panels clearly prefigure his style in later comic like Sin City”

132
Q

Temperance

A

moderation or self-restraint in action or statement

“Dietary temperance was a way to health”

133
Q

Enlist

A 
to enter in some cause, enterprise, etc;
to secure (a person, service) for some cause, enterprise, etc

“They plan to enlist the support and cooperation of scientific organizations around the world”
“He enlists the help of local police in a search for the thieves”
“In 1914 Gaudier enlisted in the French army and he was killed in action”

134
Q

Devise

A

plan or invent a comples procedure, system, or mechanism by careful thought.

“Riley devised a system for making a piece of music based on 53 small melodic cells”
“We have found the report useful in devising the guidelines”

135
Q

Conceive

A

form or devise (a plan or idea) in the mind

“The dam project was originally conceived in 1977”
“The landowner instantly conceives a dislike of the dog and demands that she be gotten rid of”

Synonyms: Think up

136
Q

Allude

A

suggest or call attention to indirectly; hint at

“She had a way of alluding to Jean but never saying her name”
“Vampires in particular were a great excuse for Victorian writers to allude to sexuality, which they could not mention in any other way”

Synonyms: Refer to

137
Q

Outmoded

A

old-fashioned

“Many organizations fail to disband outmoded process”
“It would have forced us to re-vamp our outmoded taxation system”

Synonyms: Outdated

138
Q

Deem

A

regard or consider in a specified way

“The event was deemed a great success”
“The notice states that the country council deems the building to be unsage”

139
Q

Speculation

A

the forming of a theory or conjecture without firm evidenc

“The profitability of the trade has given rise to speculation that money from wildlife is financing terrorist activities”
“There has been widespread speculation that he plans to quit”

140
Q

Divulge

A

make known (private or sensitive information)

“I am too much of a gentleman to divulge”
“These firms are not allowed to divulge any information without either your permission or that of a spouse”

Synonyms: Disclose, Reveal

141
Q

Stringent

A

strict, precis, and exacting

“California’s air pollution guidelines are stringent”
“Their produce must be processed under the most stringent conditions by well-trained staff”

Synonyms: Rigid, Firm

142
Q

Commensurate

A

corresponding in size or degree; in proportion

“Salary will be commensurate with experience”
“The sample size is commensurate with related studies reported in the literature”

Synonyms: Equivalent

143
Q

Incur

A

become subject to (something unwelcome or unpleasant) as a result of one’s own actions

“The colleges concerned have to incur extra expense and inconvenience”
“You will unfortunately incur interest charges if you do not pay this tax on time”
“He is pitched off, incurring a painful knee injury that puts paid to his cycling the following day”

144
Q

Violate

A

break or fail to comply with a rule

“They violated the terms of a ceasefire”
“All three husbands had been drunk when they violated their wives”

145
Q

Engrave

A

cut or carve (a text or design) on the surface of a hard object

“My name was engraved on the ring”
“For a more elegant look, these engraved glasses will do the trick”

146
Q

Tenet

A

a principle or belief of a religion or philosophy

“He outlines brilliantly the basic tenets of Conservatism”
“One of the tenets of Christianity is forgiveness”

Synonyms: Doctrine

147
Q

Deliberate

A

done consciously and intentionally

“A deliberate attempt to provoke conflict”

148
Q

Grievances

A

cause for complaint or protest, especially unfair treatment

“Students who took part in the protest over the poor educational facilities at this campus, aired their grievances with the Waterford News & Star”

Synonyms : Injustice

149
Q

Underwent

A

experience or be subjected to (something, typically unpleasant)

“The baby underwent a life-saving brain operation”

Synonyms: Experience, Undertake

150
Q

Dismiss

A

order or allow to leave

“She dismissed the taxi at the corner of the road”

Synonyms: Send away

151
Q

Clerical

A

(of a job or person) relating to work in an office, especially routine documentation and administrative tasks

“Temps are always needed for clerical work”

Synonyms: Office

152
Q

Accrete

A

grow by accumulation

“The gas will cool and then accrete to the galaxy’s core”
“Even busy surgeons may take a long time to accrete enough performance data to allow valid comparison with their peers”

153
Q

Saline

A

containing or impregnated with salt

“Wine from vineyards with saline soils may contain elevated levels of salt”
“Sediments from this locality yield a mixed freshwater and saline fauna”

154
Q

Consummate

A

showing a high degree of skill and flair; complete or perfect

“She dressed with consummate elegance”
“The web began to be used to promote and consummate business and consumer transactions”

Synonyms: Supreme

155
Q

Profess

A

claim openly but often falsely that one has (quality or feeling)

“He had professed his love for her”

Synonyms: Declare, Announce, Proclaim

156
Q

Divest

A

deprive (someone) of power, rights, or possessions

“Man are unlikely to be divested of power without a struggle”
“It was time to retire, so he began to divest himself of his businesses”

Synonyms: Derive of, Strip of

157
Q

Expend

A

spend or use up

“He was too weak to move very much, expending any energy he had trying to breathe”
“Winning is all for the chess player, who expends enormous energy in each game he plays”

Synonyms: Spend, Pay out

158
Q

Derivative

A

imitative of the work of another person

“The hull is a new design rather than a derivative of an older system”
“Her name was a derivative of the frence word for ‘friend’”

Synonyms: Imitative, Unoriginal

159
Q

Dislodge

A

knock or force out of position

“The hoofs of their horses dislodged loose stones”
“Government opponents failed to dislodge the prime minister”

Synonyms: Remove

160
Q

Locomotion

A

movement or the ability to move from one place to another

“Higher-level control of locomotion seems to be more important for humans that for cats”
“These life forms most likely have sppendages for the purpose of locomotion”

Synonyms: Movement, Travel

161
Q

Emancipate

A

set free, especially from legal, social, or political restrictions

“Slaves were emancipated in 1863, but more than a century passed before the Voting Rights Act became law”

Synonyms: Liberate

162
Q

Segregation

A

the action of setting something apart from other

“The importance of the relationship between racial segregation and poverty”

Synonyms: Separatism

163
Q

Chores

A

a routine task, especially a household one

“Many months passed and the guru and his disciples peacefully went about their routine chores”
“More people that ever before have someone to do their household chores for them”

164
Q

Hoary

A

ancient or venerable

“The endangered Hawaiian hoary bat also roosts there”
“To argue that the legal ownership of firearms by the citizens are a source for criminals is a hoary old story that has been disproved over hundreds of years”

165
Q

Purview

A

Scope of concerns of something

“Every human action takes place within the purview of moral judgment”
“It is not within the purview of the legal system to help us grieve”

166
Q

Beckon

A

mak a gesture with the hand, arm, or head to encourage someone to come nearer or follow

“Miranda beckoned to Adam”

167
Q

Perpetuate

A

make something continue indefinitely

“The effect of its rate rise will be to perpetuate global economic imbalances”
“Every year, parents continue to perpetuate the myth of Santa Claus”

Synonyms: Keep Going, Preserve

168
Q

Citation

A

a quotation from or reference to a book, or author, especially in a scholarly work

“Recognition through citation is one of the principal rewards in science”
“The full citation of the award is printed following this list of prizes”

Synonyms: Quotation

169
Q

Juxtapose

A

place or deal with close together for contrasting effect

“Black-and white photos of slums were starkly juxtaposed with color images”
“She divides their stories into helpfully labeled chapters that juxtapose their stories at each stage”

Synonyms: Compare

170
Q

Procreate

A

(of people or animals) produce young; reproduce

“Even animals have their mates, although some just procreate and leave”

171
Q

Childbearing

A

the process of giving birth to children

“Women of childbearing age should take folic acid daily”
“All participants of childbearing potential were required to use birth control”

172
Q

Conventional

A

based on or in accordance with what is generally done or believed

“a conventional morality had dictated behavior”
“The air force ended the Cold War with a substantial stockpile of conventional weapons”

Synonyms: Traditional

173
Q

Primordial

A

existing at or from the beginning of time

“Water access is so primordial, the United Nations already recognizes it as a fundamental human right”
“That verse describes the initial conditions of primordial Earth: its surface was dark, covered with water, empty of life, and unfit for life”

Synonyms: Prehistolic, First

174
Q

Consortiums

A

an association, typically of several business companies

“The evaluations will be undertaken by consortia of acaemic criminologists”
“For the first time, we’re seeing consortiums of competitors come together to work toward eliminating complexity”

Synonyms: Alliance

175
Q

Esteem

A

respect and admiration, typically for a person

“He was held in high esteem by colleagues”
“At least in the short term, he says, Washington reporters enjoyed a surge in public esteem as they covered the crisis”

Synonyms: Acclaim

176
Q

Contigent

A

Subject to change
“The contingent nature of the job”

dependent on
“Resolution of the conflict was contingent on the signing of a ceasefire agreement”

a group of people united by some common feature
“A contigent of Japanese buinessman attending a conference”

177
Q

Abdicate

A

renounce

“In 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated as German emperor”
“If we abdicate our roles as adults, it will be media and peers that educate our kids”

178
Q

Harness

A

to bring under conditions for effective use; gain control over for aparticular end

“He will have made a machine that can harness the energy of the ocean’s tides”
“Once in place they will harness the wind’s energy and produce enough electricity to power over 500 homes”

Synonyms: Utilize

179
Q

Reap

A

cut or gather (a crop or harvast)

“Large numbers of men were employed to reap the harvest”
“The company is poised to reap the benefits of this investment”

180
Q

Confer

A

have discussions; exchange opinions
“The officials were conferring with allies”

Grant or bestow (a title, degree, benefit, or right)
“The ceremony in which SFU will confer the honorary degrees, will be held on the last day of the Dalai Lama’s visit”

181
Q

Ordinance

A

a piece of legislation enacted by a municipal authority

“A city ordinance banned smoking in nearly all types of restaurants”

Synonyms : Rule

182
Q

Marginally

A

to only a limited extent; slightly

“For the first quarter, both teams were all over the place, and for the last they were only marginally more composed”
“They may be marginally different because they can still hold the traditonal ideals”

183
Q

Spate

A

a large number of similar thing or events appearing or occurring in quick succession

“Of the sudden spate of mother-daughter movies only one contains any real surprises”
“A spate of viruses could force carriers to beef up their customer support staffs, which would drive up prices for all users”

Synonyms : Flood

184
Q

Mishap

A

An unlucky accident

“The learning curve was steep, and there were occasional mishaps”
“The event passed without mishap”

185
Q

Underwrite

A

sign and accept liability under (an insureance policy), thus guaranteeng payment in case loss or damage occurs.

“Some are insureance policies, underwritten by insurers; whereas others are written as service contracts in order to avoid insurance premium tax”

“The foundation agreed to underwrite a trial seminar, which was duly planned for the following summer”

Synonyms : Guarantee

186
Q

Squeeze

A

an act of pressing something with one’s finger
“Kate squeezed his hand affectionately”

manage to get into or through a narrow or restricted space
“I’d thought here was my chance to squeeze some money from Sullivan”
“I managed to squeeze through and get down the stairs”

187
Q

Unwieldy

A

difficult to carry or move because of its size, shape, or weight

“The first mechanical clocks were large and unwieldy”
“He soon realise that big organisations are unwieldy”

Synonyms: Cumbersome

188
Q

Swell

A

become larger in size, typically as a result of an accumulation of fluid

“Her bruised knee was already swelling up”

Synonyms: Expand

189
Q

Alleviate

A

make problem less severe

“He couldn’t prevent her pain, only alleviate it”

Synonyms: Reduce

190
Q

Residue

A

a small amount of something tha remains after the main part has gone or been taken or used.

“Even when canned vegetables are rinsed small amounts of the residue remain”
“The residue of the estate was divided equally among the cousins”

Synonyms: Remainder

191
Q

Rinse

A

wash with clean water to remove soap, dirt, or impurities

“I gave my hands a quick rinse”
“After a quick rinse in the sink, he stuck the dirty dishes in the dishwasher”

192
Q

Cumbersome

A

large or heavy and therefore difficult to carry or use; unwieldy

“Now, tax saving is set to become a less cumbersome process”
“Considering the wealth of knowledge, one can forgive the fact that the book is huge and cumbersome to carry around”

193
Q

Disparity

A

a great difference

“Income and standards of living disparities in different regions of the country have become a growing problem”
“His shots do help demonstrate the disparity between different films”

Synonyms: Discrepancy, Inconsistency

194
Q

Accrue

A

be received by someone in regular or increasing amounts over time

“Significant saving could accrue from reduced personnel costs, a sizable contributor to operation and support costs.”

Synonyms: Result from

195
Q

Vicious

A

deliberately cruel or violent

“I would like to warn cat owners about a vicious dog in the Long Ditton area”
“As aggressive as enemy soldiers in the ‘Great War’, the flu proved a vicious killer”

Synonyms: Brutal, Ferocious

196
Q

Subscriber

A

a person who receives a publication regularly by paying in advance

“I have been a subscriber to your magazine for many years”
“The complete list of topics is available for subscribers at www.InfoPOEMs.com”

Synonyms: (Regular) Reader, Member

197
Q

Mandate

A

an official order or commission to do something

“The Human Rights Commission has the mandate to receive and investigate allegations of discrimination”
“Current Army requirements mandate change in order to move into the future”

Synonyms: Instruction, Directive

198
Q

Acreage

A

an area of land, typically when used for agricultural purposes, but not necessarily measured in acres

“When our planted acreage had increased to about 7 acres we began looking for our own farm”
“Eastern thornless blackberries have increased in price and acreage in Ohio in recent years”

Synonyms: Land area

199
Q

Expenditure

A

the action of spending funds

“The company spent less than 20 percent of capital expenditure on advertising and marketing”
“Work is the expenditure of energy”

Synonyms: Spending, Paying out

200
Q

Impair

A

weaken or damage something (especially a human faculty or function)

“A noisy job could permanently impair their hearing”

Synonyms: Harm, Diminish

201
Q

Tenure

A

give (someone) a permanent post

“Harris’ tenure as Ontario Premier has seen many successes, but has not been without controversy”
“He was subsequently promoted to the rank of associate progessor and granted tenure”

202
Q

Kinship

A

blood relationship

“He does not feel a kinship with the countries of his forebears”
“Patterns of traditional kinship still shape the social conventions of family life”

203
Q

Debt

A

something, typically money, that is owed or due

“I owe a tremendous debt of gratitude to those past winners who have truly inspired me”
“We own them a debt of thanks”

204
Q

Collateral

A

something pledged as security for repayment of a loan, to be forfeited in the event of a default
“Those who do not want to sell the land to the government are free to do what they want with it, such as using the land as collateral for bank loans

additional but subordinate; secondary
“To ensure the proper result with little or no unintended collateral effects, we need greater precision with speed”

205
Q

Amnesty

A

grant an official pardon to

“The new law granted amnesty to those who illegally left the country”
“The month-long amnesty is being held to encourage people to hand in any illegally held firearms and ammunition without fear of prosecution”

206
Q

Oversight

A

an unintentional failure to notice or do something
“He said his failure to pay for the tickets was an oversight”

the action of overseeing something
“The need was not for more case management, but for oversight of existing agencies”

207
Q

Delinquent

A

showing a tendency to commit crime, particularly minor crime

“The loan officer agreed to extend the delinquent’s due date and offered him an additional $250,000 to get through the rough times”

“As that happens, you’ll see more companies trolling through tax records, looking for delinquent homeowners to exploit”

Synonyms: Lawbreaking, Criminal, Errant

208
Q

Depart

A

leave, typically in order to start a journey

“They departed for Germany”
“In the former case the bank was held liable because it had departed from the very stringent practice prescribed in its own manual”

Synonyms: Leave

209
Q

Elucidate

A

Make (something) clear, explain

“Live-actoin movies elucidate concepts such as cloning, vaccination and forensics”
“Having grabbed the attention he then used the interview to elucidate the argument”

Synonym : illuminate

210
Q

Underlie

A

lie or be situated under (something)

“Perhaps that is the conflict that underlies his and my shared anger”
“The rock underlying the ruins was limestone and, as a result, the soil was thin and dry”

211
Q

Incline

A

have a tendency to do something
“She’s inclined to gossip with complete strangers”

a slpoe, especially on a road or railway
“The road climbs a long incline through a forest”

212
Q

Arbitrate

A

reach an authoritative judgment or settlement

“The board has the power to arbitrate in disputes”
“It set up a commission to arbitrate border tensions”

Synonyms: Adjudicate, Judge

213
Q

Panel

A

a small group of people brought together to discuss, investigate, or dicide on a particular matter

“We assembled a panel of experts”
“I wait to hear the first panel of potential jurors being called to a courtroom”

Synonyms: Group, Team, Committee

214
Q

Immutable

A

unchanging over time or unable to be changed

“An immutable fact”
“In nature nothing is immutable and change is the rule not the exception”

Synonyms: Fixed, Rigid, Permanent

215
Q

Posthumous

A

occurring, awarded, or appearing after the death of the originator

“He was awarded a posthumous Military Cross”
“Her renown grew steadily after that, a large, posthumous retrospective of her work appearing at the Modern in 1972”

216
Q

Sedentary

A

tending to spend much time seated; somewhat inactive

“Bad eating habits and sedentary lifestyle play a role in the onset of diabetes”
“The fish that were sedentary during the summer inhabited the deepest holes of the river”

217
Q

Propel

A

drive, push, or cause to move in a particular direction

“The boat is propelled by using a very long paddle”
“I use the last amount of my remaining strength to propel myself upward”

218
Q

Displace

A

take over the place, position, or role of (someone or something)

“In the northern states of India, Hindi has largely displaced English”
“It was unsettling that a newbie to the school could displace him so easily”

Synonyms: Dislodge, Replace

219
Q

Quarry

A

extract (stone or other materials)

“It is clear that Wilfred’s builders made no effort to quarry fresh stone for this edifice”

220
Q

Aggregate

A

form or group into a class or cluster

“The butterflies aggregate in dense groups”
“THe aggregate amout of these claims was approximately $5,165,000”

221
Q

Bilateral

A

having or relating to two sides; affecting both sides

“Both governments are hailing this bilateral agreement as an alternative to the WTO”
“The two sides held bilateral talks on the sidelines but failed to make any progress”

222
Q

Extensive

A

covering or affecting a large area

“The action group undertook an extensive survey which was completed in five days”
“The second bedroom features a door to the garden and extensive built-in wardrobes”

Synonyms: Large-scale

223
Q

Chronicles

A

a factual written account of important or historical events in the order of their occurrence

“His work chronicles 20th-century displacement and migration”
“Through photographs each family constructs a portrait chronicle of itself”

Synonyms: Recod

224
Q

Dispense

A

distribute or provide (a service or information) to a number of people

“The machines dispense a range of drinks”
“We look to the media to dispense information to help us make our choices”

Synonyms: Hand out, Distribute

225
Q

Proprietary

A

relating to an ownership

“There is no proprietary right over flowing waters”
“Acknowledging the need for corporate support of research, he worried that proprietary interests are hindering science in important ways”

Synonyms: Copyrighted

226
Q

Entail

A

involve (something) as a nescessary or inevitable part or consequence

“A situation that entails considerable risks”
“The new system of logistic support for the Navy will inevitably entail considerable changes in the organizational and staff structure of bases and depots”

Synonyms: Necessitate, Require, Involve

227
Q

Inconsiderate

A

thoughtlessly causing hurt or inconvenience to others.

“It’s inconsiderate of her to go away without telling us”
“Play the songs so loud that it is inconsiderate to my neighbours”

Synonyms: Insensitive, Unsympathetic

228
Q

Preceptor

A

a teacher or instructor

“Ideally, the preceptor fosters an open learning environment”
“Many career centers facilitate establishment of internships and preceptorships”

229
Q

Condolence

A

an expression of sympathy, especially on the occasopn of a death.

“This was a tragic event and we offer them our sincere condolences”
“Midgley sent his condolences and sympathy to the family of the dead infant”

230
Q

Dismount

A

remove (something) from its support

“We have to dismount the pump”
“Scouts are able to dismount all of the surveillance equipment form the vehicle for use in an observation post or for training”

alight from a horse, bicycle, or other thing that one is riding

“The plane landed and we began to dismount the plane”
“If this is happens to you, dismount your bike and walk throuhg the area to avoid the risk of falls”

231
Q

Snatch

A

quickly seize (something) in a rude or eager way

“She snatched a cookie from the plate”
“The chance to snatch victory in the end was lost by Carlow Town as a shot for goal went narrowly wide”

Synonyms: Grab, Seize

232
Q

Deafen

A

cause (someone) to lose the power of hearing permanently or temporarily

“We were deafened by the explosion”

233
Q

Indulge

A

allow oneself to enjoy the pleasure of

“A luxury service used to indulge the chief executive”
“I love movies where the plot is just driven on dialogue, so this move indulged me”

234
Q

Sluggish

A

slow-moving or inactive

“The flow in the Ilam Stream has tended to become very sluggish in dry seasons”
“The prolonged sluggish economy has slowed the agency’s debt restructuring talks with the companies with which it holds the loans”

235
Q

Permeable

A

allowing liquids or gases to pass through it.

“A frog’s skin is permeable to water”
“Latex gloves are permeable to chemicals, so nitrile gloves are your best choice”

236
Q

Intersperse

A

scatter among or between other things; place here and there

“The games are interspersed with recorded stories and songs”
“The green shapes were interspersed with a smaller number of blue shapes”

237
Q

Overshadow

A

appear much more prominent or important than.

“Unintended negative consequences can be so significant as to overshadow the positive benefits of a plan”
“So engaging was she that she overshadowed the male lead”

238
Q

Replenish

A

fill (something) up again

“The school library was replenished every couple of years when boxes of second-hand books arrived”
“He replenished Justin’s glass with mineral water”
“All creatures need sleep to replenish their energies”

fill (something) up again.

he replenished Justin’s glass with mineral water

all creatures need sleep to replenish their energies

The school library was replenished every couple of years when boxes of second-hand books collected by students in Ireland arrived.

239
Q

Opt

A

Make a choice from a range of possibilities

“Consumers will opt for low-priced goods”
“Fewer students than ever are opting to study maths at a higher level”

Synonyms: Choose, Select

240
Q

Persecute

A

subject (someone) to hostility and ill-treatment, especially because of their race or political religious beliefs

“His followers were persecuted by the authorities”
“The Jews - among other minorities - were persecuted by the Nazis”

Synonyms: Oppress, Abuse

241
Q

Devoid

A

entirely lacking or free from

“Lisa kept her voice devoid of emotion”
“Near the Gulf of Mexico is a giant dead zone devoid of fish and other aqutic life”

242
Q

Substantiate

A

provide evidence to support or prove the truth of

“Scientific tests at the American trials found no evidence to substantiate claims of improved performace”
“This utilitarian consideration is arguably unfair and disrespectful of persons, and needs further factual substantiation”

243
Q

Preference

A

a greater liking for one alternative over another or others

“He chose a clck in preference to a watch”
“The researchers also believe there is a genetic correlation between a preference for alcohol and a taste for sweets”

Synonyms: Favorite, Priority

244
Q

Garner

A

gather or collect (especially information or approval)

“The police struggled to garner sufficient evidence”
“The film was given a special screening at this year’s Cannes Film Festival, garnering much praise”

245
Q

Reside

A

have one’s permanent home in a particular place

“People who work in the city actually reside in neighboring towns”
“The paintings now reside on the walls of a restaurant”
“Copyright will reside with the author”

246
Q

Liken

A

point out the resemblance of someone or something to

“They likened the reigning emperor to a god”
“She likens her piees to miniature abstract paintings - each one is an individual”

Synonyms: Equate, Compare

247
Q

Delusion

A

an idiosyncratic belief or impression that is firmly maintained despite being contradicted by what is generally accepted as reality or rational argument, typically a symptom of mental disorder

“The delusion of being watched”
“If they don’t think their health care plan isn’t going to be an issue, they’re delusional”

Synonyms: Misconception, Misunderstanding

TOEFL & GMAT vocabularies (5 decks)

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