My Mock Registry Flashcards
What is a normal pulse rate for a healthy adult
60-100 beats/minute
Systolic blood pressure corresponds with the contraction of which chamber of the heart
Left ventricle contraction
What is a normal blood pressure
120/80 or less
Diastolic blood pressure corresponds to
Ventricular diastole or ventricular relaxation
Initial electrical impulse in the heart is generated by the
Sinus node
An elevated ST segment on an EKG indicates what
Myocardial infarction
Which reasons might a patient’s pulse ox reading fall below 90%
Sleep apneaPoorly placed oximetry sensorChronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseCardiac arrest
Which aspect of the EKG rhythm strip represents the electrical conduction through the atria of the heart
P segment (the first little bump)
Which aspect of the EKG rhythm strips represents the electrical activity of the ventricles during diastole e
T segment(small little bump at the end)
Normal range for BUN
7-21 mg/dL
What factors can cause creatinine levels to fluctuate
AgeMuscle massHydrationGender
Which tests are used for renal function
BUNCreatinineGFR
Which tests are hematology tests
HematocritHemoglobinPlateletsWBC
What tests are coagulation tests
PT (Prothrombin time)PTT (Partial thromboplastin time)INR (International standardized ratio)ACT (activated coagulation time)
What is the normal range for creatinine
0.7-1.5mg/dL
What is the normal GFR range
90-120
A GFR below 90 would indicate what
Poor renal function
A GFR below 30 would indicate
Potential renal failure
A BUN over 50 would indicate
Potential renal failure
A creatinine over 2 indicates what
Potential renal failure
What factors are used to calculate a patient’s GFR
Creatinine levelAgeGender
What represents the amount of red blood cells in whole blood
Hematocrit
Which lab tests may help to indicate if a patient has anemia
HemoglobinHematocrit
Which lab tests May indicate bleeding or blood loss
HematocritHemoglobin
What lab test may indicate a patient’s potential for bleeding
Platelet countPTTPTINRACT
What is a normal hemoglobin range for males
14-17
What is a normal hemoglobin range for females
12-15
A software program that allows for digital documentation of all patient health information
EHR
This system has replaced hard copy and film storage systems in most Radiology departments
PACS
“Meaningful use” is a set of electronic medical records standards as governed by
Center for Medicare and Medicaid services (CMS)
An information-sharing system unique to the diagnostic imaging department is identified as
RIS
The acronym PACS stands for
Picture archiving and communication system
A PACS program consists of what three things
Storage deviceDisplay workstationImaging modality
The acronym RIS stands for
Radiology information system
Definitions for appropriate sharing of personally identified health information is largely provided by
Health insurance portability and accountability Act (HIPAA)
Define embolism
Anything blocking a vessel
Define thrombus
Clotting within a vessel
Define thrombotic embolism
Condition in which the formation or movement of a thrombus occludes a vessel causing infarction of the tissues being supplied by the vessel
Define CVA
A critical condition in which a thrombus in the brain causes irreversible damage to brain cells
Define TIA
Focal cerebral ischemia not associated with permanent cerebral infarction
How long do the symptoms of a TIA typically last
Less than 1 hour
Which of the following terms are synonymousIschemic strokeTransient ischemic attackCerebral infarctCerebrovascular accident
Ischemic strokeCerebral infarctCerebrovascular accident
Which signs/symptoms are often associated with CVA
Acute confusionPermanent brain infarctionAcute dysphasiaUnilateral weakness
Define cardiogenic shock
A physiologic state in which inadequate tissue perfusion results from cardiac dysfunction
Define myocardial infarction
Irreversible necrosis of heart muscle secondary to prolonged ischemia
Define congestive heart failure
A clinical syndrome in which the heart fails to pump blood at the rate required by the metabolizing tissues
Define cardiac tamponade
A clinical syndrome caused by the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space
Which of these compensatory mechanisms are associated with CHFIncreased blood volumeIncreased cardiac filling pressureDecreased heart rateDecreased myocardial mass
Increased blood volumeIncreased cardiac filling pressure
Which of the following is a critical cardiac arrhythmiaVentricular tachycardiaAtrial fibrillationVentricular fibrillationAsystole
Ventricular tachycardiaVentricular fibrillationAsystole
Which of these cardiac conditions can cause inadequate ventricular filling in the presence of a healthy myocardiumMyocardial infarctionCongestive heart failureCardiogenic shockCardiac tamponade
Cardiac tamponade
Which of these conditions typically occurs secondary to myocardial infarctionCardiogenic shockCardiac tamponadeCongestive heart failureTransient ischemic attack
Cardiogenic shock
Which of these conditions is caused by a thrombus in the coronary arteriesCongestive heart failureCardiac tamponadeMyocardial infarctionCardiogenic shock
Myocardial infarction
Which of the following can cause respiratory arrestTraumaAirway obstructionRespiratory muscle weaknessDecreased respiratory drive
All of them
Which of the following are clinical signs of anaphylaxisHypertensionAirway edemaVasoconstrictionMucus secretions
Airway edemaMucus secretions
Hypotension and hypertension are always secondary to other clinical conditions true or false
False
Which of the following could potentially cause a vasovagal responseAnxietyFearMedicationsPain
All of them
Which of the following are considered common vasovagal responsesFaintingSpontaneous arrhythmiasSyncopeDeath
FaintingSyncope
Which of the following correctly describes the intended effect of contrast agent administration in medical imagingEnhance tissue discriminationDifferentiate between normal tissuesDifferentiate between normal tissues and abnormalitiesStimulate physiological response in abnormal tissues
Enhanced issue discriminationDifferentiate between normal tissuesDifferentiate between normal tissues and abnormalities
Tissue differentiation in sonography imaging is based on
Tissue harmonics
Tissue differentiation in MRI imaging is based on
Variable nuclear resonance
Tissue differentiation in Interventional Imaging is based on
Differential attenuation of the radiation beam
Tissue differentiation in a computed tomography is based on
Differential attenuation of the radiation beam
Which of these materials would be correctly described as paramagneticIodineAirMicrobubblesIron
Iron
Differential ultrasonic imaging may be enhanced with what type of contrast
Microbubbles
Describe what effect a non-toxic contrast agent has on the body
Unless it’s minimal adverse effects in the body
Describe what effect a stable contrast agent has on the body
Does not break down in the body
Describe what effect an inert contrast agent has on the body
Does not readily react with other chemicals or medications
Describe what effect contrast agent specificity has on the body
Engages only the organs or tissues it is intended to affect
A contrast material requiring a large volume injection to produce the necessary image contrast would be described as having poor
Carrier efficiency
The harmonic qualities of tissues and materials is a physical characteristic most relevant to which imaging modality
Sonography
The administration of a gadolinium nanoparticle for an MRI procedure would have the most pronounced effect on which aspect of the digital imageSpatial resolutionTemporal resolutionContrast resolutionDigital matrix size
Contrast resolution
A patient in your department is injected with an iodonated contrast material. Which of these reactions would be described as a normal, non-idiosyncratic response to the contrast agentSensations of warmthPersistent vomitingPulmonary edemaScattered urticaria
Sensations of warmth
Mild palpitations, tachycardia, and bradycardia are all symptoms of which level of contrast reactionNon-idiosyncratic ModerateMildSevere
Moderate
With which of these symptoms of a contrast reaction to the administration of contrast be stopped immediatelyLaryngeal edemaBronchospasmHivesDizziness
All of them
Define diaphoresis
Sweating
Define urticaria
Hives
Define pruritus
Itching
Define rhinorrhea
Runny nose
Define retching
Dry heaving
Define laryngeal edema
Throat swelling
The imager’s response to a contrast reaction should includeCall for nursing and physician on staffHave contrast reaction kit and O2 mask on handAcquire vital signsBe prepared to call a code blue if necessary
All of them
A patient presented to your department has a regular bowel incontinence and has an accident on the examination table it was later determined that patient has c-diff as a consequence of inadequate cleaning of the exam table at least one other patients can do later in the day develops the same infection this type of infection is referred to as
Nosocomial
Acquiring an infectious agent while bathing a patient is what kind of transmission
Direct contact
Influenza requires what kind of isolation precaution
Droplet isolation
Acquiring an infectious agent through the hospital ventilation system is what kind of transmission
Airborne
Another word for aseptic technique
Sterile technique
What procedure is focused on the absence of pathogenic organisms but does not require items to be sterile
Medical asepsis
Procedures including hand washing, routine equipment cleaning, and proper personal hygiene are considered
Medical asepsis
What procedures should be followed any time the patient’s skin is intentionally perforated
Sterile technique
What procedures should be used during procedures involving entry into the peritoneal cavity
Sterile technique
Another term for “clean technique”
Medical asepsis
What procedure is required during IV catheter insertion
Sterile technique
Which of the following applies to a patient with standard precautionsHand hygieneSafe injection practicesUse of personal protective equipmentRespiratory hygiene/cough edicate
All of them
Which of the following is a transmission based infection precautionContact isolationDroplet isolationStandard precautionAirborne isolation
Contact isolationDroplet isolationAirborne isolation
What isolation precaution is applicable to a patient with an infectious condition that may be transmitted through skin-to-skin contact
Contact isolation
Which precaution is most relevant when a patient care is an infectious agent that can be carried by sputum droplets through the air
Droplet isolation
Pneumonia requires what kind of isolation precaution
Droplet isolation
Meningitis requires what kind of isolation precaution
Droplet isolation
What type of isolation precaution is used for all patients at all times
Standard precautions
Which type of isolation precautions require special air handling units
Airborne isolation
Tuberculosis requires what kind of isolation precaution
Airborne isolation
What type of isolation precaution is most relevant when infectious agents can be suspended in air for long periods of time over long distances
Airborne isolation
MRSA requires what kind of isolation precaution
Contact isolation
C-diff requires what kind of isolation precaution
Contact isolation
Acquiring an infectious agent by touching a contaminated door handle is what kind of transmission
Indirect contact
876 year old female is brought to your department for imaging of the abdomen. The patient is in contact isolation for MRSA. To avoid transmitting this infection to other patients you shouldShut down the room after the patients departureWash your hands after the procedureWear a fitted surgical mask during the examinationDisinfect any equipment used for imaging
Wash your hands after the procedureDisinfect and equipment used for imaging
Which precaution is most relevant when infectious agents may be spread through a contaminated EKG machine
Contact isolation
VRE requires what kind of isolation precaution
Contact isolation
What type of precaution is the most relevant when a patient care is an infectious agent that may be spread through talking, sneezing, or coughing
Droplet isolation
You receive a requisition in your department to complete an imaging procedure of a patient’s lower extremity. This patient has VRE. An appropriate way of minimizing potential infection to other patients in this situation isPerform the exam portably in the patient’s roomWear a mask during the examinationRequest the patient wears a mask during the examinationPerform the exam in a negative pressure room
Perform the exam portably in the patient’s room
Reusing gloves between patients is most likely to result in what kind of infection transmissionInfluenzaC-diffMeningitisPneumonia
C-diff
What factors potentially affect the human body’s response to a medication
Patient weightPatient immune statusPatient genderPatient age
Define duration of action
The time during which the drug is in the body and elicits a therapeutic response
Define onset of action
The point at which a drug reaches its intended effect
Define maximum Peak
This is when a drug reaches its highest potential and begins to subside
Define antagonist
A drug or natural substance that is attracted to and blocks specific receptor sites
Define therapeutic index (TI)
A measure of the relative safety of a drug
Define drug receptors
Specific biologic sites located on a cell surface or within the cell
Define Agonist
A drug or natural substance with an attraction to a specific receptor site that produces a physiologic response
Which of the following represents the most desirable therapeutic index10:11:12:1200:1
200:1
Define narcotic
Opium-based or opium-like pain relievers
Define analgesic
Pain relievers
Define sedatives
A drug that calms anxiety
Define antibiotics
A soluble substance derived from a mold or bacteria that kills or inhibits the growth of other microorganisms
Define anxiolytics
An anti-anxiety medication
Define antiemetic
A drug that prevents or minimizes nausea and vomiting
Define anticoagulant
A drug that prevents or reduces the coagulation of blood
Define vasoconstrictors
A drug causing increased blood pressure
Define anti-arrhythmic
A medication that may prevent tachycardia
Define thrombolytics
A clot dissolving medication
Define vasodilators
A drug causing relaxation and opening of blood vessels
What drug classification do calcium channel blockers fall under
Anti-arrhythmic
What drug classification does epinephrine fall under
Vasoconstrictor
What drug classification does Xanax fall under
Anxiolytic
What drug classification does tPA fall under
Thrombolytic
What drug classification does Zofran fall under
Antiemetic
What drug classification does fentanyl fall under
Narcotic
What drug classification does Valium fall under
Sedative
What drug classification does tetracycline fall under
Antibiotic
What drug classification does Coumadin fall under
Anticoagulant
What drug classification does aspirin fall under
AntiplateletAnalgesicAnticoagulant
What drug classification does morphine fall under
Narcotic
Which of these drugs is known to increase heart rate, constrict blood vessels, dilate air passages, and stimulate the sympathetic nervous responseBenadrylOxygenAlbuterolEpinephrine
Epinephrine
Which of these medications might be valuable to a patient having a respiratory reaction to ICMAtropineAlbuterolAtenololOxygen
AlbuterolOxygen
Which of these medications function as an immunosuppressant to counteract hives and/or itchingEpinephrineSolu-MedrolBenadrylAtropine
BenadrylSolu-Medrol
Which of these medications would be valuable to a patient experiencing hypotension or bradycardia during and medication reactionBenadrylAtropineVersedEpinephrine
EpinephrineAtropine
What medication types. The body’s inflammatory response to iodinated contrastDiazepamSolu-MedrolEpinephrineBenadryl
Solu-MedrolBenadryl
Which of these medications would be useful to a patient experiencing acute dyspnea? (choose all correct) Epinephrine Albuterol Zofran Oxygen
Epinephrine Albuterol Oxygen
A patient with atrial fibrillation is prone to ischemia stroke as a result of blood thrombi formed in the heart and deposited in the cerebrum. Examples of medications that may reduce the risk of stroke for this patient are: (choose all correct) warfarin epinephrine diazepam heparin
warfarin heparin
A patient with severe pulmonary edema is brought to your department for an examination of the lungs. A patient with this condition is likely to be on which of these medications? Atropine Lasix Normal saline Epinephrine
Lasix
CT angiography of the heart is sometimes performed prior to ablation procedures in patients with atrial fibrillation. Which of these medications may help to stabilize the rhythm of the heart during the CT angiography study? Antibiotic Antiemetic Narcotic Beta-blocker
Beta-blocker
Describe deep sedation
limited response to stimuli
Describe general anesthesia
requires significant support of vital functions
Describe anxiolysis sedation
relaxes patient and reduced anxiety
Describe conscious sedation
patient follows specific instructions
Which of these medications are likely to be used together for sedation and analgesia during a radiology procedure? (choose all correct) midazolam hydromorphone morphine fentanyl
midazolamfentanyl
When should vital signs be assessed for a patient scheduled for an interventional procedure requiring some level of sedation? (choose all correct) after the procedure before the procedure only during deep sedation during the procedure
after the procedure before the procedure during the procedure
T/F: All contrast media is potentially harmful and should be used knowledgeably.
True
T/F: Intravascular contrast media administration is performed under the supervision of a licensed physician.
True
T/F: Technical and nursing personnel injecting contrast media must be knowledgeable in the recognition of, and able to assist in the treatment of any adverse reaction.
True
T/F: Literature in the MRI community and manufacturer recommendations lists the dosage of intravenous gadolinium chelate contrast to be 0.1 mmol/kg of body weight.
True
T/F: Any and all adverse events, incidents or “near incidents” that occur pertaining to MR safety are to be reported to the MRI Medical Director, the MRI Department Supervisor or the Radiology Administrator immediately.
True
T/F: A student may review and sign the MRI screening sheet prior to an individual entering the scan room.
False
T/F: The Medical Director will be involved with the introduction of new policies and procedures as needed with the advancement of technologies and procedures in the MRI environment.
True
T/F: Zone III – This area is synonymous with the MR scanner room itself.
False
T/F: Lenz’s Law is an important consideration with non-ferromagnetic objects.
True
T/F: Having undergone a previous MRI successfully with an implanted device indicates that the device is MRI safe.
False
T/F: The potential for translational forces (“projectile forces”) exists at any field strength.
True
T/F: After a quench the patient and personnel should evacuate the area immediately.
True
Which of the following describe T1 Recovery? (Choose all that apply) Spin lattice relaxationThe time it takes 63% of transverse magnetization to decay in the tissue.Caused by the nuclei giving up their energy to the surrounding environment or lattice.Spin-spin relaxation that results in decay or loss of coherent transverse magnetization.
Spin lattice relaxationCaused by the nuclei giving up their energy to the surrounding environment or lattice.
What MUST be done prior to anyone entering the scan room? (Select the BEST answer) Pat the patient down for metal objects.A screening sheet must be filled out and in the patient’s chart.The patient must be scanned with the metal detector.The completed screening sheet must be signed by a level II staff member and the patient must be scanned with the metal detector, prior to admittance to the MRI scan room.
The completed screening sheet must be signed by a level II staff member and the patient must be scanned with the metal detector, prior to admittance to the MRI scan room.
What happens to the alignment of hydrogen protons when placed in an external magnetic field? (Check all that apply) Nothing until an RF pulse is applied.The magnetic moments of the nuclei align with or against the main magnetic field.More nuclei oppose the main magnetic field than line up with the main magnetic field.Slightly more nuclei line up with the main magnetic field than against it.
The magnetic moments of the nuclei align with or against the main magnetic field.Slightly more nuclei line up with the main magnetic field than against it.
Where do we look up the safety of an implanted device? (Check all that apply) www.MRISafety.comShellock’s reference manualThe manufacturer’s websiteIf we remember that it is a safe implant, there is no need to look it up again.
www.MRISafety.comShellock’s reference manualThe manufacturer’s website
What effect does the magneto-hemodynamic effect have? Is this a permanent effect? (Check all that apply)Increase in the amplitude of the “R” wave on EKG gating.Increase in the amplitude of the “T” wave on EKG gating.Reversible effect– EKG tracing returns to normal when the patient is removed from the static magnetic field.Permanent effect– EKG tracing continues to show an elevated wave form after the patient has had an MRI exam.
Increase in the amplitude of the “T” wave on EKG gating.Reversible effect– EKG tracing returns to normal when the patient is removed from the static magnetic field.
What is the gyromagnetic ratio of hydrogen? 21.28 MHz/T 33.8 MHz/T42.57 MHz/T 42.57 MHz/G
42.57 MHz/T
Select the three components of the magnetic field from those listed below. Static Magnetic Field Faraday’s Field Radiofrequency FieldsTime Varying Magnetic Fields Precessional Frequency Field
Static Magnetic Field Radiofrequency FieldsTime Varying Magnetic Fields
What are the guidelines for pregnant employees? (Choose all that apply) No changes to pregnant employees work environment in MRI. Everyone knows that MRI doesn’t use radiation.Pregnant employees may enter the scan room, but should leave before scanning begins.Pregnant employees are exempt from scanning and may only do paperwork.Pregnant employees MUST transfer to x-ray once they’ve announced their pregnancy to the MRI department.
Pregnant employees may enter the scan room, but should leave before scanning begins.
T/F: The gyromagnetic ratio expresses the relationship between the angular momentum and the magnetic moment of each MR active nucleus.
True
Identify which of the following describe a “fringe field.” (Select all that apply) The stray magnetic field outside the bore of the magnet.An area on the outskirts of the magnet– generally two feet long by three feet wide.Active or passive shielding is used to reduce the size of the fringe field.The fringe field is not confined by walls, floors, or ceilings.
The stray magnetic field outside the bore of the magnet.Active or passive shielding is used to reduce the size of the fringe field.The fringe field is not confined by walls, floors, or ceilings.
What would you do in the event of a CODE BLUE in MRI? (Select all that apply) Stay with the patient in the scan room until help arrives. Begin CPR.Activate the Code Blue response process (push the Code Blue button)Get the patient out of the scanner and into Zone III; locking the scan room door and monitoring it when other Code Team members arrive
Begin CPR.Activate the Code Blue response process (push the Code Blue button)Get the patient out of the scanner and into Zone III; locking the scan room door and monitoring it when other Code Team members arrive
What are the two results of resonance? (Choose from the list below) The NMV moves out of alignment and away from B0.The NMV moves into a repeating pattern of /- 100 MHZ.The magnetic momements of hydrogen nuclei move out of phase with each other.The magnetic moments of hydrogen nuclei move into phase with each other.
The NMV moves out of alignment and away from B0.The magnetic moments of hydrogen nuclei move into phase with each other.
T/F: The “warm zone” in MRI is the scan room itself.
False
Which of the following best describe spin-lattice relaxation? (Choose all that apply) T2 Decay T1 RecoveryTime it takes 88% of the longitudinal magnetization to recover in tissue.Nuclei give up energy to the surrounding environment, resulting in longitudinal recovery.
T1 RecoveryNuclei give up energy to the surrounding environment, resulting in longitudinal recovery.
What makes a nucleus an MR active nucleus? (Select all that apply) Odd mass numbers Atoms with a balanced mass number Nuclei with a net spin or angular momentumNone of the above
Odd mass numbers Nuclei with a net spin or angular momentum
T/F: We ALWAYS scan pregnant patients with contrast.
False
T/F: For resonance of hydrogen to occur, RF at EXACTLY the Larmor frequency of hydrogen must be applied.
True
What are the three types of motion present in an atom? (Select all that apply) Electrons spinning on their own axis. Nuclei spinning around each other.Electrons orbiting the nucleus.The nucleus itself spinning about its own axis.
Electrons spinning on their own axis.Electrons orbiting the nucleus.The nucleus itself spinning about its own axis.
Identify the two factors that determine which hydrogen nuclei align parallel and which align anti-parallel with the main magnetic field. The strength of the external magnetic fieldHow many nuclei there are in each patient’s body The thermal energy level of the nucleiThe orientation of the patient in the scanner (head first vs. feet first)
The strength of the external magnetic field The thermal energy level of the nuclei
Which way does the main magnetic field run in permanent magnets? HorizontallyVerticallySide to SideDown the bore of the magnet
Vertically
What is the terminal velocity of a paperclip at 1.5T? 64 mph55mph40mphNone- not attracted
40mph
Which of the following describe the purpose of gradients in MRI? (Choose all that apply) Alter the main magnetic field in a linear fashion Change thermal equilibrium Spatially encode data Cause electrons to spin on their own axis
Alter the main magnetic field in a linear fashion Spatially encode data
What does SAR stand for?Special Atomic RateStart Atoms RollingSpecific Absorption RateSpecific Atomic Rate
Specific Absorption Rate
What does the net magnetization vector (NMV) represent? The type of MR active nuclei present The relative number of electrons to protons The atomic number of the nuclei presentThe relative balance of spin-up to spin-down nuclei
The relative balance of spin-up to spin-down nuclei
Which way does the main magnetic field run in superconducting magnets? Along the bore of the magnet (horizontal)Along the Y-axisVerticallySide to side
Along the bore of the magnet (horizontal)
What is the best device to use when monitoring a patient’s status in MRI? Blood pressure cuff Pulse ox EKGAuditory monitoring
Pulse ox
What does the Larmor Equation calculate? The NMVThe precessional frequencyThe gyromagnetic ratio The atomic mass
The precessional frequency
What is the T2 relaxation time of tissue?[Hint: Think about which axis T2 relaxation is occurring in (longitudinal vs. transverse) and whether T2 relaxation indicates recovery vs. decay.]The time it takes 43% of the longitudinal magnetization to recover in the tissue.The time it takes 63% of the transverse magnetization to recover in the tissue.The time it takes 63% of the longitudinal magnetization to decay in the tissue.The time it takes 63% of the transverse magnetization to decay in the tissue.
The time it takes 63% of the transverse magnetization to decay in the tissue.
What is another term for T2 Decay? Spin-lattice relaxationSpin-spin relaxationT1 recoveryNMV
Spin-spin relaxation
How do gradients affect the main magnetic field? (Select all that apply) They add to the main magnetic field They subtract from the main magnetic fieldThey alter the main magnetic field in a linear fashion They give the image its shades of gray
They add to the main magnetic field They subtract from the main magnetic fieldThey alter the main magnetic field in a linear fashion
T/F: Rewinders are gradients that rephase.
True
Which of the following controls T2* weighting in gradient echo? TETRFlip angleTR and flip angle
TE
What controls the polarity of a gradient?The steepness of the slice select gradientThe sharpness of the frequency readoutThe direction of the current through the gradient coilThe strength of the main magnetic field
The direction of the current through the gradient coil
T/F: TR controls T2 weighting.
False
Which of the following is known as the basic MRI contrast? T1 weightingT2 weightingGray imagingProton density weighting
Proton density weighting
Choose extrinsic contrast parameters from the list below.T1 Recovery TimeTRProton DensityFlip AngleFlowTEb Value
TRFlip AngleTEb Value
What are the two extremes of contrast in MRI?T1 RecoveryFatAirWater
FatWater
T/F: The TE is twice the TAU.
True
T2* decay is faster than T2 decay since it is a combination of which two of the following effects? T1 decay with spin echoT2 decay itselfDephasing due to magnetic field inhomogeneities*weighting
T2 decay itselfDephasing due to magnetic field inhomogeneities
Which of the following best describes a T1 weighted image? (Select all that apply) Bright water Bright fat Dark Water Dark Fat
Bright fat Dark Water
Which of the following statements is true: Spin-spin interactions drive T1 contrastSlow tumbling molecules lead to decreased spin-spin dephasingFast tumbling molecules lead to increased spin-spin dephasing Spin-spin interactions drive T2 contrast
Spin-spin interactions drive T2 contrast
What is the approximate T1 relaxation time of water at 1T?200 ms500 ms2000 ms2500 ms
2500 ms
Which of the following items are T1 and T2 relaxation times dependent on? (hint: there are three) How well the molecular tumbling rate matches the Larmor frequency of hydrogenSpin-spin interactions of oxygen atomsHow closely packed the molecules are The inherent energy of the tissueThe number of electrons orbiting the nucleus
How well the molecular tumbling rate matches the Larmor frequency of hydrogenHow closely packed the molecules are The inherent energy of the tissue
T/F: Intrinsic parameters are those that cannot be changed because they are inherent to the body’s tissues.
True
To achieve T1 weighting in gradient echo sequences, the flip angle should be ______. LargeSmallNo flip angle should be used
Large
T/F: Spin echo sequences do not compensate for magnetic field inhomogeneities, while gradient echo sequences do compensate for magnetic field inhomogeneities.
False
___ controls the amount of T1 weighting. TRTETIPD
TR
For PD weighting, the TR must be ______. LongShortIntermediateT1
Long
T/F: Generally speaking, gradient echo sequences are faster than spin echo sequences.
True
For T2 weighting, the TE must be _____. shortlongintermediatePD
long
Gradients that dephase are called __________. rewindersweighted spoilersvariable flip angles
spoilers
The spin echo is created by: The application of a long TE The application of a rewinding gradient A 180 degree RF pulse A rapid TI
A 180 degree RF pulse
Gradients are used to rephase spins in gradient echo sequences because: The resulting images have less artifact than spin echo images They are faster to apply than an RF pulseThey rephase spins more completely than an RF pulseThey result in images with better contrast resolution
They are faster to apply than an RF pulse
Which of the following controls T1 weighting in gradient echo? TITEGradient amplitudeTR and flip angle
TR and flip angle
Saturation results in T1 weighting because: The flip angle used was small so vectors are not pushed beyond the transverse planeOnly occurs when the TR is long as this allows for full recoveryVectors are pushed beyond the transverse plane because they were completely recovered before the RF excitation pulseVectors are pushed beyond the transverse plane as they were incompletely recovered before the RF excitation pulse
Vectors are pushed beyond the transverse plane as they were incompletely recovered before the RF excitation pulse
T/F: nhomogeneities are areas within the magnetic field that do not exactly match the external magnetic field strength.
True
What does the phase encoding gradient do? Encode data along the LONG axis of the anatomyEncode data along the DIAGONAL axis of the anatomyEncode data along the SHORT axis of the anatomy Both the DIAGONAL and SHORT axes
Encode data along the SHORT axis of the anatomy
Which gradient performs slice selection for coronal slices?X gradientY gradientZ gradientAny combination of gradients
Y gradient
Which gradient performs phase encoding for coronal slices?X gradientY gradientZ gradientAny combination of gradients
X gradient
When is the slice select gradient switched on during a spin echo pulse sequence? During the rephasing pulse onlyDuring the 90 and 180 degree pulses During the excitation pulse onlyIt is always on during the scan
During the 90 and 180 degree pulses
To achieve thin slices, do we need a STEEP or SHALLOW slice select slope? STEEPSHALLOW
STEEP
To achieve THIN slices would we use a narrow or broad transmit bandwidth? NarrowBroad
Narrow
When is the phase encoding gradient switched on in a pulse sequence? Before the 90 degree excitation pulseUsually just before the application of the 180 degree rephasing pulse Between TRs During the spin echo
Usually just before the application of the 180 degree rephasing pulse
What does the slope of the frequency encoding gradient determine? (Select all that apply)The size of the anatomy covered along the frequency encoding axisThe 180 degree rephasing pulse The FOV The size of the phase matrix
The size of the anatomy covered along the frequency encoding axis The FOV
What is another term for the duration of the readout gradient? X gradient Sampling time Z gradient Window of opportunity
Sampling time
How often must we sample frequencies, according to the Nyquist Theorem? Once per cycleTwice per cycleThree times per cycleLess than once per cycle
Twice per cycle
What artifact occurs if we sample frequencies less than once per cycle? Zipper Cross talk Cross excitationAliasing
Aliasing
What is the unit of K space? Inches Radians per meterRadians per centimeterDegrees
Radians per centimeter
T/F: The phase axis of K space is vertical and is centered in the middle of K space perpendicular to the frequency axis.
True
Which part of K space do steep phase gradients fill? Outer lines of K space, positive onlyOuter lines of K space, both positive and negativeCentral lines of K space, positive onlyCentral lines of K space, both positive and negative
Outer lines of K space, both positive and negative
Which part of K space do shallow phase gradients fill? Outer lines of K space, positive onlyOuter lines of K space, both positive and negative Central lines of K space, positive onlyCentral lines of K space, both positive and negative
Central lines of K space, both positive and negative
T/F: K space is not the image
True
Which gradient locates signal along the LONG axis of the anatomy? Phase encoding gradient Frequency encoding gradient Slice select gradient Isocenter gradient
Frequency encoding gradient
T/F: The scan time is the time to fill K space.
True
T/F: Data in K space are symmetrical.
True
What kind of information is contributed by data collected in the central lines of K space? (Select all that apply) ResolutionSignalContrast*weighting
SignalContrast
What kind of information is contributed by data collected in the outer lines of K space?ResolutionSignalContrast*weighting
Resolution
What controls the polarity of a gradient? The steepness of the slice select gradient The sharpness of the frequency readoutThe direction of the current through the gradient coil The strength of the main magnetic field
The direction of the current through the gradient coil
T/F: Phase encoding gradient positive fills the bottom half of K space.
False
Which gradient performs slice selection for sagital slices?X gradientY gradientZ gradientAny combination of gradients
X gradient
What is another name for the frequency encoding gradient? Phase encoding gradient Short gradient Readout gradient Rephasing gradient
Readout gradient
Where are the data points collected by the system stored?FFTK spaceFrequency domain42.57 MHz
K space
During a typical spin echo sequence, there are three gradient applications. In chronological order they are: Phase encoding, Slice select, Frequency encodingSlice select, Phase encoding, Frequency encoding Frequency encoding, Phase encoding, Slice select Slice select, Frequency encoding, Phase encoding
Slice select, Phase encoding, Frequency encoding
Which gradient lies along the horizontal axis of a typical superconducting MRI system? X gradientY gradientZ gradientW gradient
X gradient
If a 512 phase matrix is selected, which k-space lines are likely to be filled in a normal acquisition? 0 to 512256 to -256 0 to -512 256, 0 to -255
256 to -256
Which of the following statements is true? A data point contains frequency encoding information onlyA data point contains phase encoding information onlyA data point contains both phase and frequency informationA data point represents a specific pixel on the image
A data point contains both phase and frequency information
T/F: A thicker slice has a better SNR than a thinner slice.
True
Decreasing receive bandwidth by half increases the SNR by how much? 60%40% 1/2 .22
40%
T/F: A fine matrix is one with a low number of frequency encodings and/or phase encodings, and results in a small number of pixels in the FOV.
False
Choose three factors that affect the SNR from the list below (there are three factors). Magnetic field strength of the system Proton density of the area under examination The patient’s height and weightReceive bandwidth
Magnetic field strength of the system Proton density of the area under examinationReceive bandwidth
T/F: A long TE increases SNR and a short TE decreases SNR.
False
T/F: TR controls the amount of T2 weighting.
False
Choose the term that best describes “a unit volume of patient tissue” from the list below. Pixel Grayscale value Voxel Slice thickness
Voxel
Which of the following factors affect scan time during a sequential acquisition? (choose all that apply) TRTEPhase MatrixNEXFrequency Matrix
TRPhase MatrixNEX
Which of the following factors affect voxel size (choose all that apply)? Slice thickness Number of pixels or matrix Size of the flip angle FOV
Slice thickness Number of pixels or matrix FOV
T/F: Square pixels ALWAYS provide better spatial resolution than rectangular pixels.
True
If we double the NEX, what does that do to our scan time? Reduces the scan time by 1/2 Doubles the scan time Reduces the scan time by 1.4 Increases the scan time by 1.4
Doubles the scan time
Decreasing the phase matrix does which of the following? Decreases SNR Increases spatial resolution Makes the scan shorter Has no effect on scanning
Makes the scan shorter
Of the following parameters, which would give the best spatial resolution? 256 × 256, 3 mm slice thickness, 12 cm FOV, 1 NEX256 × 128, 8 mm slice thickness, 40 cm FOV, 4 NEX512 × 256, 6 mm slice thickness, 14 cm FOV, 2 NEXNone of the above would give good spatial resolution.
256 × 256, 3 mm slice thickness, 12 cm FOV, 1 NEX
Of the following parameters, which would give the highest SNR? 256 × 256, 3 mm slice thickness, 12 cm FOV, 1 NEX256 × 128, 8 mm slice thickness, 40 cm FOV, 4 NEX512 × 256, 6 mm slice thickness, 14 cm FOV, 2 NEXNone of the above.
256 × 128, 8 mm slice thickness, 40 cm FOV, 4 NEX
Increasing the field strength increases SNR because: The flip angle increasesThe NMV increases in size because the high energy population of spins increases The precessional frequency increasesThe NMV increases in size because the low energy population of spins increases
The NMV increases in size because the low energy population of spins increases
Halving a square FOV reduces the SNR by: 1/21/43/41/8
3/4
Which of the following does NOT occur when the receive bandwidth is reduced? SNR increases Chemical shift artifact improves Number of slices available decreases TE increases
Chemical shift artifact improves
Doubling the number of signal averages changes the SNR by how much? × 21/222 √2
√2
Which of these is a consequence of decreasing the TR from 2500 ms to 500 ms? Scan time decreases T1 weighting decreases Spatial resolution decreases Slice number available increases
Scan time decreases
Do we achieve greater SNR with a long or a short TR? longshort
long
Pixel area = __ / matrix size. SNRResolutionFOVGNR
FOV
Which sequence is considered the gold standard for MR imaging? SSFP Spin EchoGradient Echo Coherent Gradient Echo
Spin Echo
What is the approximate T1 relaxation time of CSF at 1T? 2000 ms150 ms500 ms3000 ms
2000 ms
What is the approximate T1 relaxation time of fat at 1T? 2000 ms200 ms500 ms3000 ms
200 ms
What do T1 images typically best demonstrate? Anatomy Pathology Bright fluid Everything
Anatomy
What does STIR stand for? Short ___ Inversion Recovery.
TautauTAU
When would we be most likely to use a STIR sequence? CSF flow studies MSK studies (i.e. knee, wrist)Head or Spine studies (to look for periventricular lesions)All studies must include a STIR sequence
MSK studies (i.e. knee, wrist)
T/F: FLAIR stands for Fluid Low Attenuation Inversion Recovery
False
When would we be most likely to use a FLAIR sequence? MSK studies (i.e. knee, wrist)Head or spine studies (to look for periventricular lesions) All studies must include a FLAIR sequence To image the great vessels
Head or spine studies (to look for periventricular lesions)
How is time reduced in fast spin echo? (Choose all that apply) The operator must prescribe fewer slicesUse a turbo factor Use thinner slices Use an echo train
Use a turbo factorUse an echo train
What artifact can occur as a result of using long echo trains?Cross talkTruncationImage BlurringAliasing
Image Blurring
An inversion recovery pulse sequence begins with which of the following? 90 degree RF pulse 180 degree inverting pulse180 rephasing pulse Gradient pulse (variable flip angle)
180 degree inverting pulse
Which Fast Inversion Recovery sequence(s) do we often use? STIRSSFPFLAIRIncoherent Gradient Echo
STIRFLAIR
What is Double IR prep used to accomplish? Used to null blood for cardiac imagingFlips the NMV back to zero Imaging large patients FSE sequences
Used to null blood for cardiac imaging
A coherent gradient echo sequence samples which of the following? FID Only Stimulated Echo Only Both the FID and Stimulated Echo T2 Information Only
Both the FID and Stimulated Echo
T/F: During EPI all the lines of K space are filled during one repetition.
True
How is K space filled in Fast Gradient Echo Sequences? (choose all that apply) Elliptical filling Centric filling Keyhole filling Outside to inside
Centric filling Keyhole filling
In which of the following sequences is all the transverse magnetization rewound at the end of each TR period? Coherent gradient echo Incoherent gradient echoEPI
Coherent gradient echo
Which of the following statements is true in an incoherent gradient echo sequence? Residual transverse magnetization has the same phase as the magnetization most recently created The flip angle is always 10°The system discriminates between residual and the most recently created transverse magnetization because it has a different phase value It is not a steady state sequence
The system discriminates between residual and the most recently created transverse magnetization because it has a different phase value
What type of echoes are sampled during SS-FSE? Spin echoes Gradient echoes Incoherent Gradient echoes
Spin echoes
What are the advantages of propeller K Space filling? Better detailLow SNR but high resolution Bright signalRapid imaging, increased SNR and CNR, reduced motion artifact.
Rapid imaging, increased SNR and CNR, reduced motion artifact.
T/F: Using a long echo train decreases the SAR.
False
T/F: STIR sequences should NOT be used in conjunction with contrast enhancement.
True
T/F: Spin echo pulse sequences are classified according to whether the residual transverse magnetization is in phase (coherent) or out of phase (incoherent).
False
SSFP sequences usually produce images that are ___ weighted. T1T2T2T1 or T2
T2
T/F: Parallel imaging is usually used to increase resolution or decrease scan time.
True
Which artifact is produced as a result of motion of flowing nuclei? Zipper effect Aliasing Phase ghosting Truncation
Phase ghosting
Which type of motion can we compensate for in MRI? First order laminar flowSecond order motion accelerationThird order motion jerk All of those listed can be compensated for
First order laminar flow
T/F: TOF phenomenon results in a dark vessel.
True
Which of the following effects does TOF depend on? (Select all that apply) Velocity of flowTE Slice ThicknessTR
Velocity of flowTE Slice Thickness
Choose the two main uses of spatial pre-saturation from the list below. (Select all that apply) Chemical Pre-saturationSTIRFLAIRSPIR
Chemical Pre-saturationSPIR
T/F: Counter current flow occurs when flowing nuclei are traveling in the same direction as slice selection.
False
Which of the following is/are result(s) of time of flight? (Select all that apply) Flow-related enhancement Entry slice phenomenon High velocity signal void Zipper effect
Flow-related enhancement High velocity signal void
In a dual echo sequence, which of the following combinations would result in reduced flow artifact in the second echo? TE 20 and 50 ms TE 20 and 70 ms TE 40 and 80 msTE 40 and 95 ms
TE 40 and 80 ms
What is the chemical shift at 1.5 T? 2.2 Hz22 Hz220 Hz220KHz
220Hz
T/F: STIR is most useful in post contrast imaging.
False
T/F: Even echo rephasing reduces intra-voxel dephasing.
True
T/F: Intra-voxel dephasing results in an increase in total signal amplitude from the voxel.
False
Stationary nuclei always receive both excitation and rephasing pulses, but flowing nuclei present in the slice for the excitation may have exited the slice before rephasing. This is called ______________. Time of Flight Phenomenon Entry Slice PhenomenonIntra-Voxel Dephasing Turbulent Flow Effects
Time of Flight Phenomenon
T/F: As velocity of flow decreases, the time of flight effect decreases.
True
T/F: Another term for time of flight is inflow effect.
False
Determine which of the following parameters would result in the most entry slice phenomenon (i.e. entry slice phenomenon would increase compared to the other options). Slice 1 of 20, 3000 TR, .7 mm slice thickness Slice 1 out of 20, 400 TR, 1.2 mm slice thicknessSlice 10 out of 20, 3000 TR, 1.2 mm slice thickness Slice 10 out of 20, 400 TR, .7 mm slice thickness
Slice 1 of 20, 3000 TR, .7 mm slice thickness
T/F: Flow affects image quality.
True
The frequency difference between fat and water is called ___________ and can be used to specifically null the signal from either fat or water. Chemical Pre-Saturation Chemical Shift Precessional Frequency Even Echo Rephasing
Chemical Shift
T/F: Any tissue can be nulled as long as an RF pulse matching its precessional frequency is applied to the imaging volume before excitation.
True
T/F: Pre-saturation techniques increase the RF deposition to the patient.
True
What is another term for phase ghosting?Phase wrapPhase mismappingChemical misregistraionAliasing
Phase mismapping
What is another term for phase ghosting?Phase wrapPhase mismappingChemical misregistraionAliasing
Phase mismapping
In which direction does phase ghosting occur? (Choose all applicable)Phase AxisFrequency AxisSlice Select AxisAnterior to Posterior
Phase Axis
Which of the following are methods of reducing phase ghosting? (Choose all that apply)Using respiratory compensation techniquesDecrease the TECarefully explain the procedure to the patientSwap phase and frequencyUse pre-saturation pulsesUse “no phase wrap” software
Using respiratory compensation techniquesCarefully explain the procedure to the patientSwap phase and frequencyUse pre-saturation pulses
In which direction does aliasing occur? (Choose all that apply)Phase AxisFrequency AxisSlice Select AxisAnterior to Posterior
Phase AxisFrequency Axis
Which of the following is a remedy for aliasing?Decreasing the slice thicknessDecreasing the size of the FOVDecreasing the TEUsing “no phase wrap” software
Using “no phase wrap” software
Which of the following best describes the appearance of chemical shift artifact on an image?Extra information wraps into the imageThe cancellation of fat and water signals when they are out of phase.Banding artifact at the interfaces of high and low signal.Produces a dark edge at the interface between fat and water.
Produces a dark edge at the interface between fat and water.
In which direction does chemical shift artifact occur? (Choose all that apply)Phase AxisFrequency AxisSlice Select AxisAnterior to Posterior
Frequency Axis
What unit is used to express the amount of chemical shift?MHz Hz ppm gyromagnetic ratio
ppm
What is another name for a truncation artifact in a sagital cervical spine?TruncationGyromagnetic ArtifactGibbsFaraday
Gibbs
How can we reduce truncation? Increase the TEIncrease the TRIncrease the number of phase encoding stepsIncrease the number of frequency encoding steps
Increase the number of phase encoding steps
In which direction does truncation occur? (Choose all that apply)Phase AxisFrequency AxisSlice Select AxisAnterior to Posterior
Phase Axis
Which best describes the appearance of a zipper artifact?Distortion of the image together with large signal voids.Anatomy folded into the FOVA dense line on the image at a specific point.Tissues return a high signal intensity
A dense line on the image at a specific point.
Which best describes the appearance of a zipper artifact?Distortion of the image together with large signal voids.Anatomy folded into the FOVA dense line on the image at a specific point.Tissues return a high signal intensity
A dense line on the image at a specific point.
Which of the following is a possible cause of shading artifact?A hemorrhageA leak in the RF shielding of the scan roomSpin echo sequencesInhomogeneities in the main magnetic field
Inhomogeneities in the main magnetic field
Which of the following best describes Moire artifact?Black and white banding artifact on the edge of the FOVFat and water are out of phase and their signals cancel each other out.Different chemical environments of fat and water produce a dark edge at the interface between fat and water.Anatomy from outside the FOV are wrapped into the image.
Black and white banding artifact on the edge of the FOV
T/F: To reduce chemical shift artifact, ALWAYS use the widest receive bandwidth in keeping with good SNR and the smallest FOV possible.
True
T/F: To reduce chemical shift artifact, ALWAYS use the widest receive bandwidth in keeping with good SNR and the smallest FOV possible.
True
In spin echo sequences using a pre-saturation pulse, what would persistent bright signal within the vessel indicate?Slow Flowing BloodFast Flowing BloodBlood ClotVascular Occlusion
Slow Flowing BloodBlood ClotVascular Occlusion
Which of the following best describes what the “P” wave represents?Atrial Systole (Contraction)Ventricular SystoleVentricular DiastoleNone of the above
Atrial Systole (Contraction)
Which of the following best describes what the “QRS” complex represents?Atrial Systole (Contraction)Ventricular SystoleVentricular Diastole (Relaxation)None of the above
Ventricular Systole
Which of the following best describes what the “T” wave represents?Atrial Systole (Contraction)Ventricular SystoleVentricular Diastole (Relaxation)None of the above
Ventricular Diastole (Relaxation)
Which of the following sequence(s)/technique(s) can be used to make vessels appear bright?Gradient Echo ImagingGradient Moment RephasingContrast EnhancementAll of the above
All of the above
Which of the following is used to trigger each pulse sequence when using ECG gating?P waveQ waveR waveS wave
R wave
How much does a typical patient’s heart rate vary during an exam?10- 20 %20- 30%40- 50%60- 70%
10- 20 %
If the R to R interval is 500 ms, the trigger window is 10%, and the trigger delay is 50 ms, what is the time available to acquire data?310 ms400 ms460 ms500 ms
400 ms
If the R to R interval is 500 ms, the trigger window is 10%, and the trigger delay is 50 ms, what is the time available to acquire data?310 ms400 ms460 ms500 ms
400 ms
What determines the length of the R to R interval?The technologist performing the examThe radiologist who establishes the protocolThe patient’s heart rateThe type of sequence
The patient’s heart rate
What is the waiting period before each R wave called?Trigger WindowTrigger DelayR to R IntervalAvailable Imaging Time
Trigger Window
T/F: ECG gating is prospective.
True
When using MRA to evaluate intracranial vascularity, flow within smaller vessels can best be demonstrated by:2D Time of Flight MRA3D Time of Flight MRA3D Phase Contrast MRAAll of the Above
3D Time of Flight MRA
When using MRA to evaluate intracranial vascularity, flow within smaller vessels can best be demonstrated by:2D Time of Flight MRA3D Time of Flight MRA3D Phase Contrast MRAAll of the Above
3D Time of Flight MRA
MRA techniques include all of the following EXCEPT:TOF-MRAPC-MRACE-MRACT-MRA
CT-MRA
Which of the following does NOT reduce flow motion artifact?SATECG gatingGMNSubtraction
Subtraction
Which of the following can be used to improve coverage and at the same time maintain the signal from blood flowing within the larger volume?MC-TOFPC-MRAMOTSAPhase images
MOTSA
The vascular signal, produced on time of flight MRA (TOF-MRA), relies on:MOTAPCFlow related enhancementVelocity-induced phase shifts
Flow related enhancement
The vascular signal, produced on PC-MRA, relies on:MOTAPCFlow related enhancementVelocity-induced phase shifts
Velocity-induced phase shifts
Contrast enhanced MRAs are acquired with all of the following EXCEPT:Test bolusBolus trackingVENC settingsFluoro triggering
VENC settings
Contrast enhanced MRAs are acquired with all of the following EXCEPT:Test bolusBolus trackingVENC settingsFluoro triggering
VENC settings
Multiphase images, acquired with additional modulation of magnetization, are known as:TOF-MRAPC-MRAVENCSPAMM
SPAMM
What is the available imaging time using these parameters? R to R 800 ms, trigger window 10%, delay after trigger 4 ms.688 ms700 ms716 ms800 ms
716 ms
When using MRA to evaluate peripheral vascular flow, such as that within the arteries of the legs, saturation pulses are:Placed superior to the acquired slicesPlaced in the acquired slicesPlaced inferior to the acquired slicesNot necessary
Placed inferior to the acquired slices
When using MRA to evaluate extracranial vascular flow, such as that within common carotid arteries, a recommended technique is:2D time of flight MRA3D time of flight MRA3D phase contrast MRAAll of the above
2D time of flight MRA
When using MRA to evaluate extracranial vascular flow, such as that within common carotid arteries, a recommended technique is:2D time of flight MRA3D time of flight MRA3D phase contrast MRAAll of the above
2D time of flight MRA
Magnetic field strength can be expressed in units of Tesla (T) or gauss (G), where:1 T = 1 G1.5 T = 1500 G3.0 T = 0.3 G1 T = 10 000 G
1 T = 10 000 G
The homogeneity of a magnetic field is expressed in units of:ppm (parts per million)T (Tesla)G (gauss)MHz (megaHertz)
ppm (parts per million)
The homogeneity of a magnetic field is expressed in units of:ppm (parts per million)T (Tesla)G (gauss)MHz (megaHertz)
ppm (parts per million)
Gradient strength is expressed in units of all of the following EXCEPT:w/kgmT/mG/cmT/m/s
w/kg
Gradient strength is expressed in units of all of the following EXCEPT:w/kgmT/mG/cmT/m/s
w/kg
