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1
Q

Learning

A

The process of acquiring, through experience, new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

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2
Q

Associative learning

A

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli( as in classical conditioning ) or a response and it’s consequences (as in operant conditioning ).

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3
Q

Stimulus

A

Any event or situation that evokes a response

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4
Q

Cognitive learning

A

The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language.

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5
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A type of learning in which we learn to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.

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6
Q

Neutral stimulus (NS)

A

In classical conditioning a stimulus that evokes no response before conditioning

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7
Q

Unconditioned response (UR)

A

In classical conditioning,an unlearned,naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US)(such as food in the mouth).

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8
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus(US)

A

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally -naturally and automatically-triggers a response (UR)

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9
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but conditioned) stimulus (CS)

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10
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

In classical conditioning,aboriginals irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response(CR)

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11
Q

Acquisition

A

In classical conditioning, the initial stage,when we link a neural stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response ( in operant conditioning,the strengthening of a reinforced response)

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12
Q

Extinction

A

In classical conditioning the weakening of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus .( in operant conditioning the weakening of a responds when it is no longer reinforced ).

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13
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

The reappearance, after a pause, of and extinguished conditioned response

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14
Q

Generalization

A

In classical conditioning the tendency, after conditioning, to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus

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15
Q

Discrimination

A

In classical conditioning the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli.

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16
Q

Respondent behavior

A

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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17
Q

Operant conditioning

A

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

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18
Q

Operant behavior

A

Behavior that operated on the environment, producing consequences.

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19
Q

Law of effect

A

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

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20
Q

Operant chamber

A

In operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as SKinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking

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21
Q

Reinforcement

A

In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.

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22
Q

Shaping

A

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide actions closer and closer toward a desired behavior.

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23
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Increases behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food.a positive reinforcer is anything that, when presented after a response,strengthens the response

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24
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Increases behaviors by stopping or reducing stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is anything that, when removed after a response , strengthens the response. (Negative reinforcement is not punishment )

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25
Primary reinforcer
An event that is innately reinforcing, often by satisfying a biological need.
26
Conditioned reinforcer
(also known as secondary reinforcer) an event that gains its reinforcing power through its primary reinforcer
27
Continuous reinforcement
Reinforcing a desire response every time it occurs
28
Reinforcement schedule
A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced.
29
Partial (intermittent) reinforcement
Reinforcing a response only part of the time;results in slower acquisition but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
30
Fixed-ratio schedule
In operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.
31
Fixed-interval schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
32
Variable-ratio schedule
In operant conditioning,a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
33
Variable-interval schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
34
Punishment
An event that decreases that behavior it follows
35
biological constraints
evolved biological tendencies that predispose animals' behavior and learning. thus, certain behaviors are more easily learned by some animals than others
36
behaviorism
the view that psychology (1)should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior with out reference to mental processes most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not (2)
37
cognitive map
A mental image of the layout of ones environment
38
latent learning
learning that is not apperent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
39
intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior well for its own sake
40
extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to gain a reward or avoid punishment.
41
observational learning
learning by observing others
42
modeling
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
43
mirror neuron
neuron that fires when we perform certain actions and when we observe others performing those actions; neural basis for imitation and observational learnig
44
prosocial behavior
positive, constructive, helpful behavior. the opposite of antisocial behavior.
45
memory
the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
46
encoding
the process of getting information into the memory system
47
storage
the process of retaining encoded informative over time
48
retrieval
the process of getting information out of storage.
49
sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
50
short-term memory
activated memory that holds few items briefly (such as seven digits of a phone number while dialing ) before the information is sorted or forgoten
51
long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory system. including knowledge, skills, and experiences.
52
working memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that stresses conscious,active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.
53
explicit memory
memory of facts and personal events you can consciously retrieve( also called declarative memory)
54
Effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
55
implicit memory
retaining learned skills, or classically conditioned associations, without conscious awareness.( also called nondeclarative memory.)
56
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of everyday information,such as space,time, and frequency, and of well-learned information,such as word meanings.
57
chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
58
mnemonics
memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
59
spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice
60
testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather that simply rereading information.also sometimes referred to as the retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.
61
hippocamus
a neural center located in the limbic system;helps process explicit memories for storage.
62
flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
63
long-term potentiation(LTP)
An increase in a synapse's firing potential. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
64
recall
memory demonstrated by retrieving information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
65
recognition
memory demonstrated by identifying items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.
66
relearning
memory demonstrated by time saved when learning material a second time.
67
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
68
misinformation effect
when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information
69
source amnesia
faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned
70
stress
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
71
general adaptation syndrom
selye's concept of the body adaptive response to stress in three stages- alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Psych Exam 2 (2 decks)

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