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Psych Exam 2 > My Exam > Flashcards

My Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

The process of acquiring, through experience, new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

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2
Q

Associative learning

A

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli( as in classical conditioning ) or a response and it’s consequences (as in operant conditioning ).

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3
Q

Stimulus

A

Any event or situation that evokes a response

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4
Q

Cognitive learning

A

The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language.

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5
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A type of learning in which we learn to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.

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6
Q

Neutral stimulus (NS)

A

In classical conditioning a stimulus that evokes no response before conditioning

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7
Q

Unconditioned response (UR)

A

In classical conditioning,an unlearned,naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US)(such as food in the mouth).

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8
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus(US)

A

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally -naturally and automatically-triggers a response (UR)

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9
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but conditioned) stimulus (CS)

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10
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

In classical conditioning,aboriginals irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response(CR)

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11
Q

Acquisition

A

In classical conditioning, the initial stage,when we link a neural stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response ( in operant conditioning,the strengthening of a reinforced response)

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12
Q

Extinction

A

In classical conditioning the weakening of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus .( in operant conditioning the weakening of a responds when it is no longer reinforced ).

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13
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

The reappearance, after a pause, of and extinguished conditioned response

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14
Q

Generalization

A

In classical conditioning the tendency, after conditioning, to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus

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15
Q

Discrimination

A

In classical conditioning the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli.

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16
Q

Respondent behavior

A

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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17
Q

Operant conditioning

A

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

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18
Q

Operant behavior

A

Behavior that operated on the environment, producing consequences.

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19
Q

Law of effect

A

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

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20
Q

Operant chamber

A

In operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as SKinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking

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21
Q

Reinforcement

A

In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.

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22
Q

Shaping

A

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide actions closer and closer toward a desired behavior.

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23
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Increases behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food.a positive reinforcer is anything that, when presented after a response,strengthens the response

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24
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Increases behaviors by stopping or reducing stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is anything that, when removed after a response , strengthens the response. (Negative reinforcement is not punishment )

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25
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

An event that is innately reinforcing, often by satisfying a biological need.

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26
Q

Conditioned reinforcer

A

(also known as secondary reinforcer) an event that gains its reinforcing power through its primary reinforcer

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27
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

Reinforcing a desire response every time it occurs

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28
Q

Reinforcement schedule

A

A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced.

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29
Q

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

A

Reinforcing a response only part of the time;results in slower acquisition but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

30
Q

Fixed-ratio schedule

A

In operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.

31
Q

Fixed-interval schedule

A

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

32
Q

Variable-ratio schedule

A

In operant conditioning,a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

33
Q

Variable-interval schedule

A

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

34
Q

Punishment

A

An event that decreases that behavior it follows

35
Q

biological constraints

A

evolved biological tendencies that predispose animals’ behavior and learning. thus, certain behaviors are more easily learned by some animals than others

36
Q

behaviorism

A

the view that psychology (1)should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior with out reference to mental processes most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not (2)

37
Q

cognitive map

A

A mental image of the layout of ones environment

38
Q

latent learning

A

learning that is not apperent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

39
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior well for its own sake

40
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior to gain a reward or avoid punishment.

41
Q

observational learning

A

learning by observing others

42
Q

modeling

A

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

43
Q

mirror neuron

A

neuron that fires when we perform certain actions and when we observe others performing those actions; neural basis for imitation and observational learnig

44
Q

prosocial behavior

A

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. the opposite of antisocial behavior.

45
Q

memory

A

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

46
Q

encoding

A

the process of getting information into the memory system

47
Q

storage

A

the process of retaining encoded informative over time

48
Q

retrieval

A

the process of getting information out of storage.

49
Q

sensory memory

A

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

50
Q

short-term memory

A

activated memory that holds few items briefly (such as seven digits of a phone number while dialing ) before the information is sorted or forgoten

51
Q

long-term memory

A

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory system. including knowledge, skills, and experiences.

52
Q

working memory

A

a newer understanding of short-term memory that stresses conscious,active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

53
Q

explicit memory

A

memory of facts and personal events you can consciously retrieve( also called declarative memory)

54
Q

Effortful processing

A

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

55
Q

implicit memory

A

retaining learned skills, or classically conditioned associations, without conscious awareness.( also called nondeclarative memory.)

56
Q

automatic processing

A

unconscious encoding of everyday information,such as space,time, and frequency, and of well-learned information,such as word meanings.

57
Q

chunking

A

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

58
Q

mnemonics

A

memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

59
Q

spacing effect

A

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice

60
Q

testing effect

A

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather that simply rereading information.also sometimes referred to as the retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

61
Q

hippocamus

A

a neural center located in the limbic system;helps process explicit memories for storage.

62
Q

flashbulb memory

A

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

63
Q

long-term potentiation(LTP)

A

An increase in a synapse’s firing potential. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

64
Q

recall

A

memory demonstrated by retrieving information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

65
Q

recognition

A

memory demonstrated by identifying items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

66
Q

relearning

A

memory demonstrated by time saved when learning material a second time.

67
Q

serial position effect

A

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

68
Q

misinformation effect

A

when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information

69
Q

source amnesia

A

faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned

70
Q

stress

A

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

71
Q

general adaptation syndrom

A

selye’s concept of the body adaptive response to stress in three stages- alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Psych Exam 2 (2 decks)

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