Mutations/ Engineering Flashcards
define mutations
any alteration in the genetic code of an organism
distinguish between the two types of mutations and explain
Gene Mutations- single localized change to the structure of a DNA molucle at a point/ codon. (insertions/ deletions/ sunstitutions)- mRNA codon is the changed- different protein is coded for (somatic or gameatic- germ line)
chromosomal mutations- change in the structure or number of whole chromosomes, usually due to meiosis such as chromosome non disjunction.
3 effects of mutations?
Harmful- cause disease and chromosomal abnormalities
harmless- it can affect the phenotype but not the life of an organism (usually doesnt change the protein/ amino acid formed)
Useful- create now alleles- allow you to adapt to the environment for natural selection
Mutations and genetic variance?
Mutations can result to the formation of new alleles which can be favourable to the environmental condition which can allow for survival and reproduction and therefore evolution through natural selection.
Define genetic engineering and biotechnology
GE- the process of manipulation/ transferring or changing the genes ON DNA to create a new organism for human use.
Biotechnology- is the use of scientific manipulation of biological processes to satisfy human needs
what are stem cells
unfifferentiated cells from multicellular organisms that can differentiate.
Sources (3) and uses (2) of stem cells
sources: embryo/ organ/ bone tissue
Uses: cell therapy ( replacement of damaged tissues)
Produce new organs
what are genetically modified organisms?
new organisms created with desirable traits to humans whos genome has been edited.
How does recombitant DNA technology work?
Transgene (desirable gene) is placed using a vector within another organism. organism now follows instruction of inserted genes and forms proteins.
genes in plasmids of bacteria which reproduce rapidly to form proteins
How is Insulin artificially made?
gene of healthy pancreas that produce insulin is isolated.
gene is isolated with restriction enzymes
placed with a plasmid of a bacteria which is the with the recobintant dna placed within an ECOLI bacteria which reproduces rapidly (transgenic Bacterium) - produce large amounts of insulin which is then purified and sold
Advantages and disadvantages of genetic engineering 3-3
ADV
- increased yield and disease resistance of crops
- viruses that are harmless are spread to promote desirable genes
- make drugs
DISADV
- ethical
-expensive
- decreased genetic pool
Define cloning
processes by to create an exact genetic copy of cells, tissues or organisms
3 types of cloning and explain (emphasis on dolly)
Gene cloning- Plasmids
embryonic nuclear transfer- use cells from an early embryo to create a transgeneic animal for increased herd and stop extinction
NON EMBRYONIC nuclear transfer
1. isolate an adult somatic cell from a donor
2. isolate an ovum and remove the nucleus of the ovum
3. remove genetic material from somatic cell and transfer to the ovum. fuse using electrical pulse
4. use chemicals to divide and then place into a surrogate uterus of a female sheep
5. develop through usual gestational process
What is Blood grouping used for (2)?
DNA profiling
paternity testing
Explain genetic links (mtDNA)
all mitochondria has mtdna from mother (maternal)
this mtDNA is used for mitochondrial enzymes and cellular respiration.
passed on and mutations occur at points called markers
similar markers mean closely related and different markers show different evolutionary paths
can show anscestral link all to mitochndrial eve
