Mutations and Mitosis Flashcards
Somatic cell
Any cell in the human body that is not a sex cell
Mitosis
A production of cell duplication, in which one cell divides with two genetically identical daughter cells
Three reasons somatic cells need to reproduce
Growth, Replacement, Repair
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46
Chromosomes
A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell
Homologous Chromosomes
Pairs of chromosomes originating from each parent
Chromatids
One of the two identical halves of a chromosome that have been replicated and preparation for cell division
Centromere
The region of the chromosome to which spindle fibers is attached during cell division
Interphase
Dna replicate so that there is two copies of each chromosome. Each identical copy is called a sister chromatide.
Prophase
Chromosomes condense and become visible under a light microscope in a pair up with their sister chromatide. The mythartic spindle forms and a nuclear envelope disappears.
Metaphase
The chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers
Anaphase
Each chromosome separates and the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell
Telophase + Cytokinesis
Cell splits into two. Each daughter cell looks identical to the original cell.
Cancer
A disease where cells divide uncontrollably and spread into other tissues, and parts of the body
Normal cells vs. Cancer cells
Normal cells: More organized and even
Cancer cells: Uneven and messy
Driving cellular reactions
A group of proteins responsible for digestion, biosynthesis, and controlling cell growth and division
Building Structures
Supporters like collagen & elastin (in connective tissues like skin) & keratin ( in our hair & fingernails)
Movement
Motors and contractile proteins, such as actin in myosin, found in muscles and used during cell division, helps cells move
Providing defenses
EX: antibodies
these fight Invaders like bacteria viruses, fungi, helminths, etc
Coordinating cellular activities
EX: hormones like insulin & also sense receptors
Carry message & help us take in information like smell, taste, and sound
Transporting Materials
Transport proteins carry essential nutrients and gases through the body and carry cellular waste for disposal
DNA
Double stranded (forms a double helix)
Deoxyribose sugar
RNA
Single stranded
Ribose sugar
Transcribe vs. Translate
Transcribe: When a makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA
Translate: when information is encoded in the messenger RNA (mRNA) directs the addition of amino acids during protein synthesis
