Mutations Flashcards
mutations for
p
l: b
n: mh
s: f, ph
mutations for
t
l: d
n: nh
s: th
mutations for
c
l: g
n: ngh
s: ch
mutations for
b
l: v, f
n: m
mutations for
d
l: d
n: n
mutations for
g
l: disappears
n: ng
mutations for
m
l: v, f
mutations for
ll
l: l
mutations for
rh
l: r
internal i-affection verb
present indicative
2s, 2p, impersonal
a –> e
aw –> ew
final i-affection verb
present indicative
3s
a –> ei/y
o –> y
e –> y
w –> y
non-final syllable vs final syllable mutation
w –> y
y –> y
aw –> o
c becomes k
c: a, o, w, u
k: e, y
single syllable adjective
m, f
y –> e
w –> o
internal i-affection noun plurals
non final syllable
a --> e (ei before i) e --> e (ei before i) o --> e (ei before i) ae --> ei, ey aw --> ew (usually: o)
final i-affection noun plurals
final syllable
a --> ei/y e --> y o --> y w --> y ae --> ei oe --> wy aw --> eu (sometimes)
nasalisation occurs after
- yn (in)
- vy (my)
- numerals 7, 9, 10, 100 + a limited number of nouns
spirantisation occurs after
- 3s possessive y (her)
- numerals 3, 6
- tra (over, very)
- a (and, with), no (under), na (nor), o (if), cw (where)
- in main clauses after ny na (not), verbal particles neu, ry, the preverbs go-, di-, dy- etc.
a verb is lenited if
- after relative, verbal, interrogative particle ‘a’
- after conjunctions pan (when), tra (while), yny (until)
- is copula preceded by predicate
- after negative particles ny, na (not)
a noun/adjective is lenited if
- fem singular noun after ‘y(r)’
- fem singular adjective
- fem singular noun in genitival relationship
- noun/adj/name in apposition
- after possessives dy (your) and y (his)
- noun after neu (or)
- after forms of ‘to be’: oes, yssit
- after 3s imperfect
- object when not preceded by an article, especially when separated from the verb
- object of destination after verbs of motion
h prefixing happens in words if
- after y (her)
2. sometimes after possessives: an (our), eu (their)
