Mutations Flashcards
Substitution
Nucleotide is substituted for a different one
Insertion
Adds extra nucleotide in DNA
Deletion
Takes out a nucleotide (polymerase 1&3 do this)
Silent mutation
Has no effect on protein sequence
Missense mutation
Doesn’t make sense! Results in amino acid substitution TF codes for diff protein
Ex. Sickle cell anemia (roc doesn’t carry oxygen)
Nonsense mutation
Substitutes a stop codon for an amino acid (results in stop, no longer creates any proteins)
What’s the difference between a conservative and non conservative misdeeds mutation
Conservative- same family of. Amino acid, same general function
Non- completely different
Frame shift mutation
Insertions or deletions of nucleotides may result in shift in the reading frame of insertion of a stop codon
What is the exception of a frame shift mutation?
If nucleotides are added or deleted in a multiple of 3, then downstream of the mutation the reading frame returns to normal
Causes of mutations
Spontaneous mutations
Induced mutations
Mutagens
Spontaneous mutations
Caused by an error in DNA REPLICATION
Induced mutations
Caused by an environmental factor or mutagen (smoking, x Ray, working in a factory, carbon monoxide)
Mutagen- environmental agent that directly alters DNA
Point mutation
A change in just 1 nucleotide (specific point in DNA)
