mutations Flashcards
effects of mutations
change in the DNA of a gene
helpful?
rarely helpful to humans, instead have a negative or unnoticable effect
genetic diversty?
they do provide genetic diversity within a population
list the number of types and what they are
three, positive negative and neutral
positive mutation
results in enhancing an organisms ability to survive or reproduce
examples of positive mutations
a bacterium can mutate in the presence of an antibiotic and become resistant, thus it is able to survive and reproduce
negative mutations
an organisms having a decreased chance of survival
examples of negative mutations
fruit flies that have curly wings: die because they cannot fly thus cannot reproduce or feed
neutral mutation
no effect on the organisms health or chance at survival or ability to reproduce
examples of neutral mutations
pigments in flowers may change nut have no effect on the plants ability to survive
examples in humans?
albinism
hemophilia
and more
can there be good and bad?
a mutation in the hemoglobin resulting in elongated red blood cells
good: immune to malaria
bad: painful; cannot accept oxygen and not a long lifespan
how many mutagenic factors?
three, physical chemical and biological
what are mutagenic factors
they usually cause the cell to duplicate uncontrollably
whats an example of a mutagenic factor?
cancer
what are examples of physical mutagenic factors?
uv light
x rays
physical mutagenic factors
include energies that can cause changes to nearby substances that harm DNA
chemical mutagenic factors
includes substances that act as toxins or poisons
examples of chemical mutagenic factors?
tobacco
PCBs
biological mutagenic factors
both bacterias and viruses are linked to cancers
examples of biological mutagenic factors
hepatitis B and C
AIDS
genetic testing
is the analysis of a persons dna to detect potential genetic disorders
what is amniocentesis?
a check of the amniotic fluid of the developing fetus
what do the scientists look for?
genetic markers on the DNA to see if there are signs of disease
How can a simple mutation end up having a major effect on the phenotype of an organism?
if the phenotype is changed as a result of a mutation and the new phenotype is suited to a particular environment, it can lead to a change in a species over time.
what are the different types of treatment?
gene therapy: through the use of retroviruses
pharmaceuticals: use of genetically engineered DNA
forensics
what is genetic diversity?
Genetic Diversity refers to the range of different inherited traits within a species.
Which type of mutation results in the sickle-cell disease phenotype?
non-conservative missense mutations
A nonsense mutation is one that:
creates a premature stop codon
A silent mutation is highly unlikely to affect protein because:
multiple codons can code for the same amino acid
A non-conservative mutation is one in which:
the new amino acid has different biochemical properties than the original
