Mutations Flashcards
The change in language occurs in where
the ribosome
The flow of information from gene to protein is based on what
codons composed of three nucleotides each
43=64 possibilities
The first two bases of the various codons for each aa are
the same but the third base is different. Because of this
the genetic code is said to be what
Degenerate
The genetic code is nearly Universal beacuse why
shared by
the simplest to the most complex organism with very few
exceptions
Translation does what
the making of protein from mRNA
Players in translation are what
Ribosomes, tRNA, aminoacyl
tRNA synthetase, mRNA and aas
tRNA the translator or interpreter, carries the aa to where
to
the ribosome/mRNA
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase the enzyme that
couples the what
aa to the tRNA
Aas are what
building blocks
Two populations of ribosomes are what
- free ribosomes (in the cytosol) and
- bound ribosomes (attached to the ER)
Free ribosomes form polysomes or
polyribosomes by binding the what
mRNA and
synthesize proteins that function in the
cytosol
what forms a polyribosome (or
polysome
number of
ribosomes held by
mRNA
Polyribosomes
enable a cell to make
many copies of a what
polypeptide very
quickly
Bound ribosomes make proteins into the ER
that either go to the…
organelles, the plasma
membrane or are secreted from the cell
Ribosomes are identical and can switch
from
free to bound
The proteins go from the RE to the Golgi and come out in vesicles that either
are secreted or stay in the cell
protteins that are secreated
Fuse with the plasma membrane and release the
proteins to the outside of the cell or fuse with the membrane and
remain in the membrane (transmembrane proteins).
proteins that stay in the cell
and are delivered to organelles or to the plasma
membrane
Polypeptide synthesis always begins where
in the
cytosol
Synthesis finishes in the cytosol unless the
polypeptide signals the what
ribosome to attach
to the ER
Polypeptides destined for the ER or for
secretion are marked by what
a single peptide
what binds to binds to
the signal peptide
A signal-recognition particle (SRP)
The SRP brings the signal peptide and takes what where
the ribosome and mRNA to the ER
what are physical mutations
x-rays UV light (beach, snow in mountains, can cause thymine dimers)
