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Bio Final fall2021 > Mutations > Flashcards

Mutations Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The change in language occurs in where

A

the ribosome

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2
Q

The flow of information from gene to protein is based on what

A

codons composed of three nucleotides each

43=64 possibilities

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3
Q

The first two bases of the various codons for each aa are
the same but the third base is different. Because of this
the genetic code is said to be what

A

Degenerate

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4
Q

The genetic code is nearly Universal beacuse why

A

shared by
the simplest to the most complex organism with very few
exceptions

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5
Q

Translation does what

A

the making of protein from mRNA

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6
Q

Players in translation are what

A

Ribosomes, tRNA, aminoacyl

tRNA synthetase, mRNA and aas

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7
Q

tRNA the translator or interpreter, carries the aa to where

A

to

the ribosome/mRNA

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8
Q

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase the enzyme that

couples the what

A

aa to the tRNA

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9
Q

Aas are what

A

building blocks

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10
Q

Two populations of ribosomes are what

A
  • free ribosomes (in the cytosol) and

- bound ribosomes (attached to the ER)

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11
Q

Free ribosomes form polysomes or

polyribosomes by binding the what

A

mRNA and
synthesize proteins that function in the
cytosol

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12
Q

what forms a polyribosome (or

polysome

A

number of
ribosomes held by
mRNA

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13
Q

Polyribosomes
enable a cell to make
many copies of a what

A

polypeptide very

quickly

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14
Q

Bound ribosomes make proteins into the ER

that either go to the…

A

organelles, the plasma

membrane or are secreted from the cell

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15
Q

Ribosomes are identical and can switch

from

A

free to bound

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16
Q

The proteins go from the RE to the Golgi and come out in vesicles that either

A

are secreted or stay in the cell

17
Q

protteins that are secreated

A

Fuse with the plasma membrane and release the
proteins to the outside of the cell or fuse with the membrane and
remain in the membrane (transmembrane proteins).

18
Q

proteins that stay in the cell

A

and are delivered to organelles or to the plasma

membrane

19
Q

Polypeptide synthesis always begins where

A

in the

cytosol

20
Q

Synthesis finishes in the cytosol unless the

polypeptide signals the what

A

ribosome to attach

to the ER

21
Q

Polypeptides destined for the ER or for

secretion are marked by what

A

a single peptide

22
Q

what binds to binds to

the signal peptide

A

A signal-recognition particle (SRP)

23
Q

The SRP brings the signal peptide and takes what where

A

the ribosome and mRNA to the ER

24
Q

what are physical mutations

A 
x-rays 
UV light (beach, snow in mountains, can cause thymine dimers)
25
Q

what are chemical mutagens

A

base analogs ( chemicals that are simaliar to particular bases but pair incorrectly)
-example ( 5-Bromodeoxiuracil (replaces
thymine in the DNA during replication)

26
Q

what are base-pair substitution

A

replaces one
nucleotide and then its partner with another
pair of nucleotides.

27
Q

what are silent mutations

A

s have no effect on the
amino acid produced by a codon
because of redundancy in the genetic code

28
Q

what are missense mutations

A

still code for an amino
acid, but not necessarily the right amino
acid

29
Q

what are nonsense mutations

A

change an amino acid
codon into a stop codon, nearly always
leading to a nonfunctional protein

30
Q

silent mutations have no effect on what

A

amino acid group

31
Q

Sickle cell w val

A

Makes rods
They breakdown, form clauts
Cause lots of health problems

32
Q

what are Base pair Insertions and deletions

A

are
additions or losses of nucleotide pairs in
a gene

33
Q

Base pair Insertions and deletions what a disastrous effect on what

A

resulting protein more often

than substitutions do.

34
Q

Insertion or deletion of nucleotides

alter what

A

the reading frame, producing a

frameshift mutation

Bio Final fall2021 (10 decks)

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