Mutation & Neoplasia Flashcards
What are the 6 main Connective Tissue cell types and their prefixes?
Fibrous tissue - Fibro Smooth Muscle- - Leio Cartilage - Chondro Bone - Osteo Fat - Lipo Endothelium or endothelial cells - Haemangio
What is a Fibroma?
A benign connective tissue tumour of fibrous tissue
What is a Leiomyoma?
A benign connective tissue tumour of muscle
What is a Chondroma?
A benign connective tissue tumour of cartilage
What is an Osteoma?
A benign connective tissue tumour of bone
What is a Lipoma?
A benign connective tissue tumour of fat
What is a Haemangioma?
A benign connective tissue tumour of endothelial cells
What is the prefix used for to describe malignant tumours of connective tissue?
Sarc
What are the two types of glandular epithelium?
Endocrine
Exocrine
What percentage of cancers are carcinomas?
> 90% (greater than 90%)
What are the 3 types of tissues?
Labile (continuously dividing)
Stable (quiescent)
Permanent (non-dividing)
What is dysplasia?
abnormal premalignant change
increased cell division
the enlargement of an organ or tissue by the proliferation of cells of an abnormal type, as a developmental disorder or an early stage in the development of cancer.
What are Mutagens?
May act directly to cause damage or may do so
through increasing oxidant production or reducing
anti-oxidant defences
What is the difference between metaplasia, hyperplasia and dysplasia?
Metaplasia: abnormal change in the nature of a tissue
Dysplasia: abnormal premalignant
Hyperplasia: enlargement of tissue, caused by an increase in the reproduction rate
Mutations result in?
permanent change in DNA:
-Germ cells: transmitted to progeny (inherited diseases, cancers)
Somatic cells: not transmitted (cancers, congenital malformations)
4 classes of normal regulatory genes are the principle targets of genetic damage?
growth promoting proto-oncogenes
growth inhibiting tumour suppressing genes
genes that regulate apoptosis
DNA repair genes
Benign
- Never metastasizes
- Well differentiated
- Encapsulated
- Homogenous (uniformity
of cells) - Cytoplasmic ratio may be
close to normal (1:4 or
1:6) - Slow growing – few
mitotic figures
Malignant
- Can potentially metastasize
- Well differentiated or
undifferentiated (anaplastic) - Heterogeneous
(pleomorphic – cells lack
uniformity) - Infiltrative growth
- Increased nuclear to
cytoplasmic ratio (1:1) - Fast growing – area of
necrosis, many mitotic cell
Most common sites of metastic neoplasms?
bones, brain, liver, lungs
What does Nomenclature mean?
describing, choosing names for things, especially in science
What are the benign epithelial tumours?
adenoma
papilloma
cystadenoma
Benign tumour derived from adipocytes?
Lipoma
Another common route of metastasis?
Lymphatics
Increased number of cells?
Hyperplasia
Benign tumour of cartilage cells?
Chondroma
A pre-cancerous change?
Dysplasia
The type of cells that are responsible for most cancers?
Epithelial cells
Malignant tumours can do this but not benign?
Metastasize
Most common connective tissue malignancy that affects young people
Osteosarcoma
A malignancy of haematopoietic stem cells
Leukaemia
Germ cell tumour
Teratoma
Chemical based cancer treatment
Chemotherapy
A normal adaptation that increases the risk of mutation
Metaplasia
Malignant brain tumour
Glioma
Benign brain tumour
Meningloma
Benign glandular epithelial tumour
Adenoma
Spread through blood
Haematogenous
Malignant tumour derived from smooth muscle
Leiomyosarcoma
Malignancy of lymphoid tissue
Lymphoma
A feature of secondaries that makes them harder to treat
Heterogenous
Outlook for the patient
Prognosis
Malignant glandular epithelial tumour growing in a cystic pattern
Cystadenocarcinoma
Malignancy of melanocytes
Melanoma
Rare malignancy caused by asbestos exposure and radiation
Mesothelioma
Features that make the cell recognizable as a particular cell type
Differentiation
A feature of benign tumours
Homogenous
