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Radiation Therapy 1 > Mutation & Neoplasia > Flashcards

Mutation & Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 main Connective Tissue cell types and their prefixes?

A 
Fibrous tissue - Fibro
Smooth Muscle- - Leio
Cartilage - Chondro
Bone - Osteo
Fat - Lipo
Endothelium or endothelial cells - Haemangio
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2
Q

What is a Fibroma?

A

A benign connective tissue tumour of fibrous tissue

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3
Q

What is a Leiomyoma?

A

A benign connective tissue tumour of muscle

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4
Q

What is a Chondroma?

A

A benign connective tissue tumour of cartilage

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5
Q

What is an Osteoma?

A

A benign connective tissue tumour of bone

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6
Q

What is a Lipoma?

A

A benign connective tissue tumour of fat

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7
Q

What is a Haemangioma?

A

A benign connective tissue tumour of endothelial cells

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8
Q

What is the prefix used for to describe malignant tumours of connective tissue?

A

Sarc

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9
Q

What are the two types of glandular epithelium?

A

Endocrine

Exocrine

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10
Q

What percentage of cancers are carcinomas?

A

> 90% (greater than 90%)

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of tissues?

A

Labile (continuously dividing)
Stable (quiescent)
Permanent (non-dividing)

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12
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

abnormal premalignant change
increased cell division
the enlargement of an organ or tissue by the proliferation of cells of an abnormal type, as a developmental disorder or an early stage in the development of cancer.

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13
Q

What are Mutagens?

A

May act directly to cause damage or may do so
through increasing oxidant production or reducing
anti-oxidant defences

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14
Q

What is the difference between metaplasia, hyperplasia and dysplasia?

A

Metaplasia: abnormal change in the nature of a tissue
Dysplasia: abnormal premalignant
Hyperplasia: enlargement of tissue, caused by an increase in the reproduction rate

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15
Q

Mutations result in?

A

permanent change in DNA:
-Germ cells: transmitted to progeny (inherited diseases, cancers)
Somatic cells: not transmitted (cancers, congenital malformations)

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16
Q

4 classes of normal regulatory genes are the principle targets of genetic damage?

A

growth promoting proto-oncogenes
growth inhibiting tumour suppressing genes
genes that regulate apoptosis
DNA repair genes

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17
Q

Benign

A
  1. Never metastasizes
  2. Well differentiated
  3. Encapsulated
  4. Homogenous (uniformity
    of cells)
  5. Cytoplasmic ratio may be
    close to normal (1:4 or
    1:6)
  6. Slow growing – few
    mitotic figures
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18
Q

Malignant

A
  1. Can potentially metastasize
  2. Well differentiated or
    undifferentiated (anaplastic)
  3. Heterogeneous
    (pleomorphic – cells lack
    uniformity)
  4. Infiltrative growth
  5. Increased nuclear to
    cytoplasmic ratio (1:1)
  6. Fast growing – area of
    necrosis, many mitotic cell
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19
Q

Most common sites of metastic neoplasms?

A

bones, brain, liver, lungs

20
Q

What does Nomenclature mean?

A

describing, choosing names for things, especially in science

21
Q

What are the benign epithelial tumours?

A

adenoma
papilloma
cystadenoma

22
Q

Benign tumour derived from adipocytes?

A

Lipoma

23
Q

Another common route of metastasis?

A

Lymphatics

24
Q

Increased number of cells?

A

Hyperplasia

25
Q

Benign tumour of cartilage cells?

A

Chondroma

26
Q

A pre-cancerous change?

A

Dysplasia

27
Q

The type of cells that are responsible for most cancers?

A

Epithelial cells

28
Q

Malignant tumours can do this but not benign?

A

Metastasize

29
Q

Most common connective tissue malignancy that affects young people

A

Osteosarcoma

30
Q

A malignancy of haematopoietic stem cells

A

Leukaemia

31
Q

Germ cell tumour

A

Teratoma

32
Q

Chemical based cancer treatment

A

Chemotherapy

33
Q

A normal adaptation that increases the risk of mutation

A

Metaplasia

34
Q

Malignant brain tumour

A

Glioma

35
Q

Benign brain tumour

A

Meningloma

36
Q

Benign glandular epithelial tumour

A

Adenoma

37
Q

Spread through blood

A

Haematogenous

38
Q

Malignant tumour derived from smooth muscle

A

Leiomyosarcoma

39
Q

Malignancy of lymphoid tissue

A

Lymphoma

40
Q

A feature of secondaries that makes them harder to treat

A

Heterogenous

41
Q

Outlook for the patient

A

Prognosis

42
Q

Malignant glandular epithelial tumour growing in a cystic pattern

A

Cystadenocarcinoma

43
Q

Malignancy of melanocytes

A

Melanoma

44
Q

Rare malignancy caused by asbestos exposure and radiation

A

Mesothelioma

45
Q

Features that make the cell recognizable as a particular cell type

A

Differentiation

46
Q

A feature of benign tumours

A

Homogenous

Radiation Therapy 1 (5 decks)

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