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Muslim Presence in Europe > Must Knows > Flashcards

Must Knows Flashcards

1
Q

Islam meaning

A

submission to the will of God

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2
Q

Islam’s origins

A

In Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610, the Prophet Muhammad received revelations from the angel Gabriel relaying the word of God

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3
Q

Muslim meaning

A

one who lives his life according to God’s will

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4
Q

Quran meaning

A

recitations

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5
Q

Hijra

A

Muhammad’s migration to Medina in 622; first year of Muslim calendar

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6
Q

how many Muslims in the world

A

1.8-2.2 billion

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7
Q

country with most Muslims

A

Indonesia

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8
Q

6 major beliefs

A

Allah is the one and only God, belief in Angels, holy books, prophets, day of judgement, and predestination

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9
Q

duties and practices

A 
basic creed
prayer
fasting
alms-giving
pilgrimage
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10
Q

Life of Muhammad

A

570-632

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11
Q

Early Caliphate

A

632-661

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12
Q

Umayyad Caliphate

A

661-750 in Damascus

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13
Q

Abbasid Caliphate

A

750-1258 in Baghdad

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14
Q

Sunni-Shi’a Split

A

occurred in 7th century over the question of who should succeed Muhammad
(Sunni = 80%, Shi’a = 15%

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15
Q

Sufism

A

connecting with God through spiritualism and mysticism

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16
Q

Muslims in US

A

6 million

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17
Q

Muslims in EU

A

15 million

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18
Q

Islamophobia

A

a political concept developed int he late 1990s, it is indiscriminate negative attitudes or emotions directed at Islam or Muslims

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19
Q

National Rally Party

A

France: founded by Jean-Marie Le Pen, led today by Marine Le Pen

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20
Q

Muslim Spain

A

711-1492

called Al-Andalus, capital: Cordoba

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21
Q

Muslim Sicily

A

9th-11th centuries

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22
Q

Muslims in France

A

probably 5 million

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23
Q

Crusades

A

11th-13th centuries, holy wars launched by western catholic church to reclaim the Holy Land

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24
Q

Maghreb

A

North African countries of Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia

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25
Q

Mashriq

A

Middle Eastern countries of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, and Iraq

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26
Q

Colonial Vulgate

A

the composite set of racial stereotypes about colonial North Africa

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27
Q

Orientalism

A

Edward Said: 1978
A way of perceiving and depicting non-Western cultures in relation and in opposition to the West, usually as societies that are static, monolithic, and backward

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28
Q

Colonial history

A

a narrative of the French bringing progressiveness to people weighed down by Islam, political corruption, and backwards economics; it’s principle function was to provide legitimacy for the French colonial venture

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29
Q

Nationalist history

A

France appears as the oppressor and the Africans as noble defenders of their way of life; mostly urban elite perspectives

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30
Q

the supreme authority in Islam is…

A

Allah

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31
Q

the heart of Islam is…

A

the Quran

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32
Q

France in Algeria

A

1830-1962

Algerian War: 1954-1962

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33
Q

Four waves of immigration (when)

A 
During WWI (1914-1918) 
After WWII (1945-)
Algerian Independence (1962)
Family Reunification Act (1974)
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34
Q

Four waves of immigration (who came)

A

1: Maghrebis brought in as soldiers and to work factories and fields
2: Maghrebis brought for construction and industry; Turks brought for mining and forestry
3: pieds-noirs (colonists) and harkis (ethnic Algerians who sided with the French)
4: the families of previous immigrants

35
Q

Laicité

A

Separation of religion and government law of 1905

36
Q

Ferry Law

A

(1882) beginning of secularism in schools

37
Q

two categories of Laicité?

A

Hard: religion has no spot in public spaces at all
soft: if it’s not hurting anyone it’s fine (hard is a violation of human rights)

38
Q

Laicité history

A

Origins: 1789 revolution against the monarchical catholic church
Birth: Ferry law of 1882 secularizing schools
Result: 1905 separation law: separation of religion and state

39
Q

State Islam Relations in France

A 
Laissez-faire period (1974-1989): foreign governments and muslim organizations by Muslims
Institutionalizing Islam (1989-2003): CFCM and Foundation for Islam in France, founded by Frenchmen
40
Q

Associations Law

A

1901: gave French citizens the right to form interest groups

in 1981: the law was changed so that residents could also form interest groups

41
Q

CFCM

A

Islamic Council (2003): a single body with which the state can negotiate and draw legitimacy from in decisions on Islam. Created by interior minister Sarkozy and not representative of Muslims

42
Q

Foundation of Islam in France

A

Created as a result of terrorist attacks and Burkini affair in 2016, headed by Chevenement (not Muslims)

43
Q

Debré Law

A

1959: the French government can help fund private religious schools as long as they meet certain criteria

44
Q

Four Sisters organizations

A

LICRA
LDH
SOS Racisme
MRAP

45
Q

Discrimination in Muslim society

A

Housing
Workplace
Nightclubs and Bars

46
Q

March of the Beurs

A

1983: Historic march against racism organized by Maghrebins starting in Marseille and ending in Paris

47
Q

Maghrebin

A

a French Muslim of Maghrebi origin

48
Q

Français des souches

A

“French with roots” meaning French ancestry

49
Q

Défenseur des droits

A

mediators who help in discrimination cases

50
Q

cathedral mosque

A

building with a minaret

51
Q

Discrimination

A

differential and often unequal treatment of people who have been formally or informally grouped into a particular class

52
Q

grounds prohibited by law for discrimination

A

gender, age, origin, sexual orientation, disability, race, religion, political opinion

53
Q

Muslims experience discrimination in

A

housing
employment
nightclubs and bars

54
Q

3 reasons to wear a headscarf

A

traditional: to distinguish between public and private spaces
religious: to show submission and modesty
modern: to get a man, to stop being harassed, to please parents, etc.

55
Q

Headscarf Affair 1

A

1989: Chenière expels 3 girls citing laïcité, state council rules that he can’t do that

56
Q

Headscarf Affair 2

A

1994: Chenière proposes a bill banning religious symbols, Bayrou passes a decree supporting it, 69 girls expelled, state council upholds former ruling

57
Q

Headscarf Affair 3

A

2003: Sarkozy makes women pose bareheaded for ID photos, schools dragged into it, Chirac creates Stassi Commission, then passes a law banning conspicuous religious symbols in public schools

58
Q

Hijab law

A

2004: banning conspicuous religious symbols in public schools

59
Q

Niqab Law

A

2010: banning objects that cover the face in public places, women who wear it face a fine and a citizenship class

60
Q

piednoir

A

a french person raised in Algeria

61
Q

state policy on religion

A

governed above all else by laïcité

62
Q

Article 10 of 1789 revolution

A

guarantees French citizens freedom of religion

63
Q

Article 1 of 1958 constitution

A

equality for all citizens regardless of beliefs

64
Q

Nation of Islam

A

Founded by Wallace Muhammad, begun in 1930s with a separatist millenarianism

65
Q

sous contract

A

a private religious school in France that receives government subsidies and must follow some rules: must accept all students, follow public school curriculum, and make religious instruction optional

66
Q

Debré Law requirements

A

functioning for 5 years
well qualified teachers
relatively large student body
clean facilities

67
Q

Switzerland Mosque ban

A

2009

68
Q

Imams in France

A

high demand, low supply: linguistically and culturally disconnected from French people, but they prefer them because they speak good Arabic and are perceived highly

69
Q

CV study

A

Khadija Diouf
Marie Diouf
Aurelie Menard
no difference between Marie and Aurelie, Aurelie called 3x more than Khadija

70
Q

Four arguments for headscarf affair

A

political
integration
women’s rights
laïcité

71
Q

2005 riots

A

took place in banlieus, cités, and outer rings of Paris

72
Q

headscarf affairs produced by…

A

domestic and international anxieties about stability and ideology

73
Q

greatest effect of 2004 law…

A

occurred outside of schools

74
Q

burqa

A

entire body covering with mesh eye-screen: Taliban in Afghanistan

75
Q

niqab

A

full face veil showing only eyes

76
Q

why wear burqa or niqab

A

not obligatory in Islam
cultural reasons
traditional reasons
imposed by authorities (Gulf region and Taliban)

77
Q

Niqab Affair

A

June 2009-September 2010 (15 months) where the government debated whether muslim women could wear a full face veil in public

78
Q

Gerin Commisson

A

created to find facts on ways of restricting the niqab, and supported by president Sarkozy. Issue a report suggesting banning women who wear the niqab from citizenship

79
Q

April 2010

A

a woman is fined before the law is even passed for wearing a niqab while driving

80
Q

July 2010

A

national assembly passes a law against covering of the face

81
Q

ECRH

A

upholds the law before it’s implemented and then again after, ruling that since it is not religious in nature, it doesn’t restrict any rights

82
Q

Other countries with bans

A

Belgium bans both hijab and niqab (2011) after France
Netherlands bans niqab in some public places in 2016
Denmark bans niqab in 2018
Quebec province bans niqab in 2017

83
Q

Three arguments for the Niqab Affair

A

laïcité
security
protection of women’s rights and integration

Muslim Presence in Europe (1 decks)

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