Must Knows Flashcards
1
Q
Islam meaning
A
submission to the will of God
2
Q
Islam’s origins
A
In Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610, the Prophet Muhammad received revelations from the angel Gabriel relaying the word of God
3
Q
Muslim meaning
A
one who lives his life according to God’s will
4
Q
Quran meaning
A
recitations
5
Q
Hijra
A
Muhammad’s migration to Medina in 622; first year of Muslim calendar
6
Q
how many Muslims in the world
A
1.8-2.2 billion
7
Q
country with most Muslims
A
Indonesia
8
Q
6 major beliefs
A
Allah is the one and only God, belief in Angels, holy books, prophets, day of judgement, and predestination
9
Q
duties and practices
A
basic creed prayer fasting alms-giving pilgrimage
10
Q
Life of Muhammad
A
570-632
11
Q
Early Caliphate
A
632-661
12
Q
Umayyad Caliphate
A
661-750 in Damascus
13
Q
Abbasid Caliphate
A
750-1258 in Baghdad
14
Q
Sunni-Shi’a Split
A
occurred in 7th century over the question of who should succeed Muhammad
(Sunni = 80%, Shi’a = 15%
15
Q
Sufism
A
connecting with God through spiritualism and mysticism
16
Q
Muslims in US
A
6 million
17
Q
Muslims in EU
A
15 million
18
Q
Islamophobia
A
a political concept developed int he late 1990s, it is indiscriminate negative attitudes or emotions directed at Islam or Muslims
19
Q
National Rally Party
A
France: founded by Jean-Marie Le Pen, led today by Marine Le Pen
20
Q
Muslim Spain
A
711-1492
called Al-Andalus, capital: Cordoba
21
Q
Muslim Sicily
A
9th-11th centuries
22
Q
Muslims in France
A
probably 5 million
23
Q
Crusades
A
11th-13th centuries, holy wars launched by western catholic church to reclaim the Holy Land
24
Q
Maghreb
A
North African countries of Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia
25
Mashriq
Middle Eastern countries of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, and Iraq
26
Colonial Vulgate
the composite set of racial stereotypes about colonial North Africa
27
Orientalism
Edward Said: 1978
A way of perceiving and depicting non-Western cultures in relation and in opposition to the West, usually as societies that are static, monolithic, and backward
28
Colonial history
a narrative of the French bringing progressiveness to people weighed down by Islam, political corruption, and backwards economics; it's principle function was to provide legitimacy for the French colonial venture
29
Nationalist history
France appears as the oppressor and the Africans as noble defenders of their way of life; mostly urban elite perspectives
30
the supreme authority in Islam is...
Allah
31
the heart of Islam is...
the Quran
32
France in Algeria
1830-1962
| Algerian War: 1954-1962
33
Four waves of immigration (when)
```
During WWI (1914-1918)
After WWII (1945-)
Algerian Independence (1962)
Family Reunification Act (1974)
```
34
Four waves of immigration (who came)
1: Maghrebis brought in as soldiers and to work factories and fields
2: Maghrebis brought for construction and industry; Turks brought for mining and forestry
3: pieds-noirs (colonists) and harkis (ethnic Algerians who sided with the French)
4: the families of previous immigrants
35
Laicité
Separation of religion and government law of 1905
36
Ferry Law
(1882) beginning of secularism in schools
37
two categories of Laicité?
Hard: religion has no spot in public spaces at all
soft: if it's not hurting anyone it's fine (hard is a violation of human rights)
38
Laicité history
Origins: 1789 revolution against the monarchical catholic church
Birth: Ferry law of 1882 secularizing schools
Result: 1905 separation law: separation of religion and state
39
State Islam Relations in France
```
Laissez-faire period (1974-1989): foreign governments and muslim organizations by Muslims
Institutionalizing Islam (1989-2003): CFCM and Foundation for Islam in France, founded by Frenchmen
```
40
Associations Law
1901: gave French citizens the right to form interest groups
| in 1981: the law was changed so that residents could also form interest groups
41
CFCM
Islamic Council (2003): a single body with which the state can negotiate and draw legitimacy from in decisions on Islam. Created by interior minister Sarkozy and not representative of Muslims
42
Foundation of Islam in France
Created as a result of terrorist attacks and Burkini affair in 2016, headed by Chevenement (not Muslims)
43
Debré Law
1959: the French government can help fund private religious schools as long as they meet certain criteria
44
Four Sisters organizations
LICRA
LDH
SOS Racisme
MRAP
45
Discrimination in Muslim society
Housing
Workplace
Nightclubs and Bars
46
March of the Beurs
1983: Historic march against racism organized by Maghrebins starting in Marseille and ending in Paris
47
Maghrebin
a French Muslim of Maghrebi origin
48
Français des souches
"French with roots" meaning French ancestry
49
Défenseur des droits
mediators who help in discrimination cases
50
cathedral mosque
building with a minaret
51
Discrimination
differential and often unequal treatment of people who have been formally or informally grouped into a particular class
52
grounds prohibited by law for discrimination
gender, age, origin, sexual orientation, disability, race, religion, political opinion
53
Muslims experience discrimination in
housing
employment
nightclubs and bars
54
3 reasons to wear a headscarf
traditional: to distinguish between public and private spaces
religious: to show submission and modesty
modern: to get a man, to stop being harassed, to please parents, etc.
55
Headscarf Affair 1
1989: Chenière expels 3 girls citing laïcité, state council rules that he can't do that
56
Headscarf Affair 2
1994: Chenière proposes a bill banning religious symbols, Bayrou passes a decree supporting it, 69 girls expelled, state council upholds former ruling
57
Headscarf Affair 3
2003: Sarkozy makes women pose bareheaded for ID photos, schools dragged into it, Chirac creates Stassi Commission, then passes a law banning conspicuous religious symbols in public schools
58
Hijab law
2004: banning conspicuous religious symbols in public schools
59
Niqab Law
2010: banning objects that cover the face in public places, women who wear it face a fine and a citizenship class
60
piednoir
a french person raised in Algeria
61
state policy on religion
governed above all else by laïcité
62
Article 10 of 1789 revolution
guarantees French citizens freedom of religion
63
Article 1 of 1958 constitution
equality for all citizens regardless of beliefs
64
Nation of Islam
Founded by Wallace Muhammad, begun in 1930s with a separatist millenarianism
65
sous contract
a private religious school in France that receives government subsidies and must follow some rules: must accept all students, follow public school curriculum, and make religious instruction optional
66
Debré Law requirements
functioning for 5 years
well qualified teachers
relatively large student body
clean facilities
67
Switzerland Mosque ban
2009
68
Imams in France
high demand, low supply: linguistically and culturally disconnected from French people, but they prefer them because they speak good Arabic and are perceived highly
69
CV study
Khadija Diouf
Marie Diouf
Aurelie Menard
no difference between Marie and Aurelie, Aurelie called 3x more than Khadija
70
Four arguments for headscarf affair
political
integration
women's rights
laïcité
71
2005 riots
took place in banlieus, cités, and outer rings of Paris
72
headscarf affairs produced by...
domestic and international anxieties about stability and ideology
73
greatest effect of 2004 law...
occurred outside of schools
74
burqa
entire body covering with mesh eye-screen: Taliban in Afghanistan
75
niqab
full face veil showing only eyes
76
why wear burqa or niqab
not obligatory in Islam
cultural reasons
traditional reasons
imposed by authorities (Gulf region and Taliban)
77
Niqab Affair
June 2009-September 2010 (15 months) where the government debated whether muslim women could wear a full face veil in public
78
Gerin Commisson
created to find facts on ways of restricting the niqab, and supported by president Sarkozy. Issue a report suggesting banning women who wear the niqab from citizenship
79
April 2010
a woman is fined before the law is even passed for wearing a niqab while driving
80
July 2010
national assembly passes a law against covering of the face
81
ECRH
upholds the law before it's implemented and then again after, ruling that since it is not religious in nature, it doesn't restrict any rights
82
Other countries with bans
Belgium bans both hijab and niqab (2011) after France
Netherlands bans niqab in some public places in 2016
Denmark bans niqab in 2018
Quebec province bans niqab in 2017
83
Three arguments for the Niqab Affair
laïcité
security
protection of women's rights and integration
