Must Know Flashcards
What microorganism causes Lyme Disease?
Borrelia Burgdoferi
What microorganism causes Actinomycosis?
Filamentous gram +ve anaerobic bacilli
What microorganism causes Cat scratch disease?
Bartonella henselae
What microorganisms causes Impetigo?
Staph. Aureus and Strep. Pyogenes
What microorganism causes Tuberculosis (TB)?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
What microorganism causes Syphilis?
Treponema pallidum
What is the name of the rash associated with Lyme’s Disease?
Erythema Migrans
What is another name for HHV-1 and what does it primarily cause?
Herpes Simplex virus 1 (HSV1), Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis
What is another name for HHV-2 and what does it primarily cause?
Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), genital herpes and oral disease similar to HSV-1
What is another name for HHV-3, and what is its primary and secondary infection called?
Varicella Zoster virus (VZV), Chickenpox primary, Herpes zoster/ shingles secondary
What is another name for HHV-4 and what does it primarily cause?
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Infection mononucleosis (implicated in glandular fever and oral hairy leukoplakia also)
What is another name for HHV-5 and what does it primarily cause?
Cytomegalovirus (CMV), infection of salivary glands in infants and immunocompromised.
What does HHV-6 and HHV-7 primarily cause?
Roseola infantum- febrile illness that affects young children
What is HHV-8 associated with?
Karposi’s sarcoma
Which viruses are a part of the Paramyxovirus family?
Measles and mumps
What is a common oral presentation of the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)?
Squamous Papilloma- cauliflower-like pedunculated finger-like benign projection
What does triple therapy consist of?
Nystatin
Prednislone
Doxycycline
What’s the difference between major and minor Aphthous ulcers?
Major >10mm
Minor <10mm
What are high risk sites for OSCC?
Lateral/ventral border of the tongue
FOM
Retromolar area
Lip (UV light)
When should you be suspicious of lesions? (3)
Unexplained, solitary, persistent (>3 weeks) ulcer
Red/ red and white patch consistent with erythroplakia/ erythroleukoplakia
Unexplained and persistent lump on the neck
6 main presentations of LIchen Planus
Reticular
Papular
Atrophic
Plaque
Bullous
Erosive
Common sites for Lichen Planus in mouth? (4)
Buccal mucosa
Lateral border of tongue
Dorsum of tongue
Attached gingiva
3 main types of Candidosis infection?
Pseudomembranous
Erythematous
Chronic hyperplastic
What are the 3 main types of inflammatory cysts?
Dental/ radicular
Residual
Paradental
Name 3 types of developmental odontogenic cysts?
Odontogenic Keratocyst
Dentigerous cyst
Eruption cyst
Name 3 types of developmental non-odontogenic cysts?
Nasopalatine cyst
Nasolabial cyst
Dermoid cyst
Name 4 types of Osteomyelitis?
Suppurative
Chronic sclerosing
Osteoradionecrosis (ORN)
OCN/ MRONJ
What are the Notani Grades used for?
Classification of ORN into 3 separate groups (I, II, III)
What syndrome is Fibrous dysplasia associated with?
McCune Allbright syndrome
Which drugs can commonly cause MRONJ? (2)
Bisphosphonates
Denusumab
What is a simple explanation of an Odontome?
A malformed tooth
Name 4 possible causes of a dentoalveolar abscess
Periapical periodontitis (most common)
Periodontal disease
Acute pericoronitis
Infection of a cyst
Name 3 resulting infections which can be caused by spreading of an acute dentoalveolar abcess.
Cellulitis
Ludwig’s angina
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
What syndrome is associated with having multiple Keratocysts
Gorlin-Goltz Syndrome/Multiple basal cell naevi syndrome
What is an Ameloblastoma?
Benign, odontoblastic, locally invasive tumour
What is hyperparathyroidism?
A state of excessive parathyroid hormone secretion causing bone resorption and hypercalcaemia
Syndrome associated with multiple odontomes?
Gardner’s syndrome
What is Trigeminal neuralgia?
Disorder of the trigeminal nerve that consists of episodes of unilateral, intense, stabbing electric-shock-like pain in the areas of the face where the branches of the nerve are distributed, normally affecting just one branch.
It lasts a few seconds to under 2 mins, occurs spontaneously but can be triggered by touch/movement of the face e.g. shaving/cold air. Doesn’t disturb sleep.
What is the management of Trigeminal neuralgia?
Carbamazepine 100mg bd for 2 weeks,
increase to 100mg tds if control not achieved.
What is giant cell arteritis?
Immunological/vasculitic condition in which there is inflammation of medium sized arteries especially in the head and neck.
Severe burning pain in distribution of the affected vessel – temporal, tongue or masticatory muscle region. Headache is intense, deep, aching, throbbing, persistent
What is an important risk associated with giant cell arteritis?
Blindness
What is the normal management of giant cell arteritis
Systemic corticosteroids – Prednisolone 60mg daily
What is Glossopharngeal neuralgia?
Severe paroxysmal pain in post tongue/tonsillar region
-Pain may radiate to the ear
-Triggered by swallowing, coughing
How is Glossopharngeal neuralgia managed?
Carbamazepine
What is periodic migrainous neuralgia, a.k.a “cluster headaches”
Unilateral, excruciating pain in the maxilla or behind the eye, notably in the very early morning
hours, occurring repeatedly over several days
How are ”cluster headaches” managed
- Oxygen therapy (100% oxygen at 10-15 litres/min for 10-20mins)
- Sumatriptan (subcut or nasal spray)
What are Paroxsymal hemicranias?
Frequent, short-lasting (few minutes) attacks of unilateral pain
- Usually orbital, supraorbital or temporal region
- 5-40 attacks per day
What is Persistent Idiopathic facial pain?
A constant chronic orofacial discomfort or pain, for which no organic cause can be found
What is Atypical facial pain and how is it managed?
Usually upper jaw pain, unrelated to distribution of trigeminal nerve (may cross midline)
- Deep, dull, boring pain
- Persists for most or all of day
- Doesn’t disturb sleep
- Patients often have not tried simple analgesics to
control pain
- Diagnosis made by exclusion of organic disease
Management
◦ Amitriptyline/Nortriptyline, Duloxetine, Pregabalin, Gabapentin
◦ Cognitive behavioural therapy
What are migraines?
Recurrent, incapacitating, unilateral headaches
- Usually supraorbital
- Last hours/days
- Attacks may be precipitated by stress, alcohol, ripe bananas, chocolate, OCP
What are some of the management options for migraines?
- Aspirin/Paracetamol/NSAID
- Lysine acetylsalicylate with metoclopramide in acute attacks (MigraMax)
- Sumatriptan
What are three subtypes of TN?
- idiopathic
- classical
- secondary
What is the most common cause of non-odontogenic pain?
TMJD
Whats the most common cause of bacterial salivary gland infections?
Staphylococcus Aureus
Streptococci
Some anaerobes
Usually mixed infection
What is sialography?
Anatomical investigation of major salivary gland structure. A Radio-opaque dye is introduced into the gland via the duct and 2 radiographs are taken at 90 degrees to e.o.
Name 4 viruses which cause viral salivary gland infections
Paramyxovirus
Influenza
Echo viruses
Epstein Barr
What other diagnosis must be ruled out before a Giant cell granuloma diagnosis can be confirmed?
Hyperparathyroidism (brown’s tumour)
What is the Mechanism of action of aspirin and NSAIDs?
COX inhibitor
How would you make a diagnosis of Giant cell Arteritis ?
- Clinical
- Raised ESR
- Arterial biopsy
Which drugs should be avoided (due to serious interactions) with a patient on Warfarin?
Metronidazole
NSAIDs
Carbamezepine
Azole antifungals
Macrolide antibiotics (e.g. erythromycin)
Which drugs should be avoided due to serious interactions with a person taking Statins?
Azole antifungals
Clarithromycin
Which drugs can exacerbate asthma symptoms?
NSAIDs
What is the typical treatment for bacterial salivary gland infection?
Co-amoxiclav 625mg TID 5 days
What is the mode of action of Rivaroxaban?
Factor Xa inhibitor
What is the mode of action of Dabigatran?
Direct thrombin inhibitor
What is the mode of action of Dipyridamole (e.g. Persantin)?
Inhibits phosphodiesterase which inhibits Adenosine uptake
What is the mode of action of thienopyridines (e.g. Clopidogrel)
Irreversibly inhibit platelet activation via the ADP dependent pathway
What is the mode of action of tica Gregor
Reversible P2Y12 receptor antagonist
What is the mode of action of Aspirin?
Irreversible COX enzyme inhibitor
What is dual ant-platelet therapy?
Aspirin and Thienopyridines
What is the mode of action of warfarin?
Inhibits biosynthesis of vitamin K dependent anticoagulants
What is the Tx for an acute severe asthma attack?
Ambulance transfer
O2 15L/min
Up to 10 activations of salbutamol in spacer device
What is the initial management of suspected domestic abuse?
Ask if everything is okay at home
