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History Italy > Mussolini seizes the initiative: May 1921 to October 1922 > Flashcards

Mussolini seizes the initiative: May 1921 to October 1922 Flashcards

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1
Q

What did the elections provide Mussolini with?

A

An air of respectability and a foothold in parliament

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2
Q

What was Mussolini’s stance towards liberalism?

A

He had no wish to be absorbed into it or be a junior partner in a coalition

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3
Q

What decision did Mussolini announce regarding Giolitti’s government?

A

The Fascists would not support Giolitti’s government

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4
Q

What was Mussolini’s political strategy?

A

To demonstrate that liberalism was finished as a political movement

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5
Q

What conditions did Mussolini believe would prove liberalism’s failure?

A

Unstable, short-lived governments unable to maintain law and order or deal with economic problems

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6
Q

Who did Mussolini need to convince that fascism could restore order?

A

The Italian public, particularly industrialists, landowners, and the middle classes

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7
Q

What did Mussolini realize was necessary for fascism to gain acceptance?

A

It must abandon or play down remaining ideas about radicalism

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: Mussolini was an extremely _______ politician.

A

[astute]

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9
Q

True or False: Mussolini had a master plan for achieving power.

A

False

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10
Q

What happened to the coalition government formed after the May 1921 elections?

A

It collapsed within a month.

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11
Q

What was the impact of the Popolari’s withdrawal of support?

A

Without the tacit support of the Popolari, it was virtually impossible for any government to survive.

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12
Q

What was the Popolari’s stance towards liberalism?

A

The Popolari was suspicious of the anticlerical traditions of liberalism and was willing to destroy any government that offended it.

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13
Q

What internal issues did the Liberal party face?

A

The Liberals were divided among themselves, plagued by factions centred on prominent politicians.

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14
Q

Who were some notable leaders within the Liberal factions?

A

Giolitti, Salandra, Facta, and Orlando.

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15
Q

What was the state of the Italian governments between May 1921 and October 1922?

A

They were fragile and unable to introduce decisive measures to cope with industrial disruption and the collapse of law and order.

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16
Q

What contributed to the collapse of law and order in Italy?

A

The progressive collapse owed a great deal to Fascist actions.

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17
Q

What actions did the Fascists take in 1921?

A

Squadrismo continued, with Socialists being attacked and killed.

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18
Q

How did Fascist violence extend to the political arena?

A

Fascist violence even extended to parliament, most notoriously when a Socialist deputy was beaten up on the floor of the chamber.

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19
Q

What was Mussolini’s principal concern?

A

Winning power and becoming dictator of Italy.

20
Q

How did Mussolini view parliament?

A

He despised parliament.

21
Q

What type of Italy did Mussolini want?

A

A strong, expansionist Italy.

22
Q

What ideologies did Mussolini hate?

A

Socialism and democracy.

23
Q

What did fascism lack?

A

Specific, detailed policies.

24
Q

What did Mussolini’s speeches attempt to persuade?

A

Conservative classes that they had nothing to fear and much to gain from the victory of fascism.

25
Q

What broad terms did fascism stress?

A

Patriotism and commitment to strong government.

26
Q

What did Mussolini’s speeches focus on after 1921?

A

What fascism was against, namely socialism and liberalism.

27
Q

What did Mussolini do in 1920 regarding radical ideas?

A

He began to distance himself from such radical ideas.

28
Q

What was Mussolini’s stance on the government’s policy towards workers?

A

He deplored the government’s conciliatory policy.

29
Q

What did Mussolini declare fascism to be opposed to?

A

Divorce.

30
Q

What was Mussolini’s attempt in November 1921?

A

To win over Catholics.

31
Q

Who did Mussolini reassure to gain support?

A

The Catholic Church and Conservative Italians.

32
Q

What was Mussolini’s concern regarding Fascist violence?

A

Mussolini was concerned that violence directed at Socialists might provoke conservative authorities to crush the Fascists and restore law and order.

33
Q

What danger did Mussolini recognize about Fascist violence?

A

Mussolini recognized that the increasing Fascist violence was a real danger that could lead to the police and army destroying the Fascists.

34
Q

How did Mussolini manage to calm conservatives while maintaining his movement?

A

Mussolini used his political skills to calm conservatives while avoiding splits within his party.

35
Q

What dual policy did Mussolini follow regarding Fascist violence?

A

Mussolini encouraged Fascist squads to continue their violence while disassociating himself from the worst excesses when speaking to conservatives.

36
Q

What did Mussolini imply to conservatives regarding Fascist violence?

A

He implied that only he could curb the excesses of Fascist violence and suggested that conservatives should accommodate Fascism to avoid conflict.

37
Q

What events occurred in spring 1922 involving Fascist squads?

A

In spring 1922, Fascist squads rampaged through north-central Italy, attacking Socialist town councils and trade union property.

38
Q

What happened to the town council of Bologna in May 1922?

A

In May 1922, the town council of Bologna was driven out of office by Fascist squads.

39
Q

What was the police’s response to the street fighting during this period?

A

The police were reluctant to intervene in the street fighting and, in some areas, had even loaned weapons to local Fascists.

40
Q

What did Mussolini suggest to various Liberal factions?

A

Mussolini stressed Fascist power while suggesting he was not a rabid revolutionary and that he was interested in bringing the Fascists into government.

41
Q

What was the impact of Fascist actions on the conservative middle classes?

A

Fascist actions impressed the conservative middle classes, helping to portray the Fascists as the sole defenders of law and order.

42
Q

What was the state of the Socialists during the rise of the Fascists?

A

The Socialists were in disarray as their organization had collapsed.

43
Q

What was the outcome of the general strike called by Socialist trade unions?

A

The general strike proved a fiasco for the left, being poorly organized and only attracting partial support from workers.

44
Q

What did the Fascists do during the general strike?

A

Fascists took over the running of public transport and ensured that the postal system continued to function.

45
Q

How did the Fascists respond to the general strike?

A

The Fascists publicly declared that if the government did not stop the industrial action, they would deal with it themselves.

46
Q

What opportunity did Mussolini see in the general strike?

A

Mussolini saw the opportunity to demonstrate that the left was still a threat and that Fascism could act against them.

History Italy (10 decks)

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