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Muslims in the west > Muslims in the west > Flashcards

Muslims in the west Flashcards

1
Q

Defining the west

A
  • Countries of Western Europe and North America, the societies that function on the principles of bourgeois liberal democracies and the market based economies
  • High Technological standards
  • China/Japan not involved despite sharing their high technological standards however different political traditions etc don’t fit conceptualisation of the west.
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2
Q

Roman Reality

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-By the fourth century when Rome was also adopted Christianity as an official religion, the notion of a Europen empire was first imagined

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3
Q

Ascendency of Islam: Three pronged ‘threat’ to Europe

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-1st CHALLENGE, A new and cohesive social and religious ideology, challenging the Christian norms of Europe’s empires.
-2nd CHALLENGE, As a proselytise religion, it was a challenge to the roman church
-3rd CHALLENGE, Theoretically threatened to usurp Christianity, as the development and finality of Abrahamic faiths. Perhaps surpassed Christianity, as Ilsam was to be understood as a new dispensation from Heaven. Therefore might have had the potential to confine Christianity to the spiritual, theological and social wilderness (Allen,C.2010)
-From its spread into Spain, France and the Balkans, Europes first encounter with Islam was percieved by some as a threat: due to past experiences of the loss of the holy city Jerusalem as well as the important cities that included Jerusalem as well as other important cities in Egypt and Damascus.
- Due to they ‘there pronged’ threat’ christian elite began the long history of codifying what might be describesd as its subjectively informed scholarship about islam and Muhammed (Allen,c.2010)
-This was vitally important in presenting the Muslim as ‘other’
Emerging out of understandings about Islam and Muslims as an enemy and rival (Allen,C.2010)

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4
Q

Unifying Europe? Learning about Islam?

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  • The power of the church began to wane in subsequent centuries
  • In Europe, folklores and mystical stories became part of the narrative of islam and the ‘east’.
  • Lurid tales about pagan practises idolatry- but also of great warriors such as salaadin.
  • Before 9/11 both FAIR and the IHRC joined at an event which has somewhat ben ‘lost’. The ‘lost’ event included the formal recognition accredited to Islamophobia by the U.N
  • The meeting was acknowledging Islamophobia it as a global phenomenon alongside racism and anti semitism
  • Due to this, no definition or meaning of Islamophobia was put forward by the UN having Islamophobia once more open to interpretation and contestion.
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5
Q

Muhammed in the west

A
  • Depicted as heretical barbaric, killer of Jews and Christians, backwards
  • Even after the reformation thes notion was sustained in literature in painting in music
  • Later depictions also saw Muhammed as sexually deprived and promiscuous, political power, the political power point reinforced the European views that Islam as a satanic force-was planning to destroy Christianity.
  • The belief that Muhammed was the anti-christ via the Christian interpretation he heralded the end of the world
  • Emerging out of understandings about Ilsam and Mulsim’s as an enemy and rival
  • Muslims have been excluded in Europe based on racial and class connotations, being Muslim is seen as being poor.
  • Muslims directly affiliated with migration and so always seen as external to Europe and hence foreigness
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6
Q

Orientalism

A
  • Term developed by Edward Said
  • Power is crucial for Said- because it allows for representation and the creation of knowledge and information about the ‘other’
  • Furthermore, this knowledge can be used to justify political action.
  • A systematic division is constructed between ‘East and West’
  • The other is homogenised no matter where they are from, no matter the cultural, social, religious, language, gender and class differences.
  • The representation of Asia in a stereotyped way that is a regarded as embodying a colonialist attitude. (Oxford Dictionary)
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7
Q

Colonialism and orientalism

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  • European expansion fuelled by the industrial revolution helped European powers dominate the globe
  • By the 1920’s 3/4 of the Muslim world was colonised by European powers.
  • Colonialization is not specific to ‘Muslim’ spaces-orinntalism helps to justify colonialism as places which needs to become civilised
  • Emerging out of understandings about Islam and Muslim’s as an enemy and rival (Allen,C.2010)
  • Newly emerging meanings began to be perceived from a more dominant position, where Europe was becoming increasingly powerful: this power was supported by colonialization.
  • This process established ‘an absolute and systematic difference between the west… seen the west as undeveloped and inferior
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8
Q

Colonialism and orientalism (part 2)

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-Seeing Islam and Muslims as an inferior civilisation that was inherently backward, irrational and inferior populated by violent and barbaric people.
-Europe attempted to control Islam through colonialism, also attempted to impose its own forms of control and governance.
-Colonialism wasn’t unique to Islam however, the colonialization of the Muslim world took a different form and expression.
-Muslims were seen to be antipathy of progress or development, something that Europe was the fore front of.
This therefore justified its subjugation domination and denigration

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9
Q

Uk events highly significant socially

A
  • 1989, protests in Bradford about the book with large crowds of British Muslims, but exact figures unclear
  • Initially unreported but one of the groups organising the protests distributes a video
  • Eventually meets national news and is shown on TV with great alarm
  • E.U laws on borders only meant more aggressive control against those from elsewhere continents moving in.
  • ever increasing and aggressive outcry against Asylum seekers. It routinely denies the great majority Asylum.
  • System is premised on a comprehensive suspicion of people seeking asylum and ias effectively designed to disqualify as many applicants as possible
  • Detention camps serve as a extraterritorial dumping grounds for human beings deemed as undesirable and out of place.
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10
Q

Impact of Rushdie affair

A
  • Until 1989 migrant communities seen through lens of race and ethnicity
  • Muslims were invisible, and getting on as members of a supposedly British Asian community
  • Suddenly the discourse of the Rushdie affair brought muslims into light in the UK- as illiberal and against freedom of expression.
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11
Q

Governance of Muslims becomes specific

A
  • Home Secretary Michael Howard asks Muslims to form a representative organisation- led to recognition of the Muslim council of Britain
  • similar protests happen in 2006 as a result of the danish cartoons of Muhammed, but in the UK these are smaller.
  • Again in 2011 there is a video entitled the innocence of muslims which shows the prophet Muhammed as a sexually aggressive , pathetic individual-protests are small.
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12
Q

Development of the term Islamaphobia

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  • Allen (2010), emphasises that Islamophobis isn’t literal- neither is anti semitism or homophobia
  • Series of derogatory attitudes and prejudices that typically underpin exclusionary practises
  • Motivator or hate crime and other forms of Bigatory
  • What is not Islamophobia
  • Before 9/11. Both FAIR and the IHRC at an event which has somewhat been ‘lost’. The lost event included the formal recognition accredited to Islamophobia by the U.N
  • The meeting was acknowledging Islamaphobia as a global phenomenon alongside Racism and anti semitisism.
  • Due to this, no definition of Islamophobia was put forward by the U.N leaving Islamophobia once more open to interpretation and contention.
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13
Q

Conceptualising Islamophobia

A

-Allen (2010), suggests that the rise of Islamophobia is also connected to the decline of the threat of communism
-Muslims are now as geopolitical other- from reds under the bed to fanatics in the attic
-In France in the 1990’s series of events occur in which Muslim girls are disallowed from wearing headscarves at Schoo because authorities perceive it as Islamisation and Arabisation.
-Features of Islamophobia
1) Islam seen as an enemy not a partner
2) Islam seen as other and separate rather than similar and independent.
3) Islam seen as inferior not different
(Allen,C.2010)

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14
Q

Conflict about the construction of the minaret in Wangen Bei Olten-2005

A
  • Building and justice department reverses a more local departments decision to allow a minaret to be built
  • Leads to a National campaign to ban minarets in 2007
  • The fear is a great that the minarets will be followed by the calls to prayer of the Muezzin
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15
Q

2001 riots in Bradford, Oldham and Harehills

A
  • Tensions rising due to British National party marches planned in Bradford
  • Incidents of fighting between Asian and white youths in Oldham short term spark for riots there
  • Harehills, aggressive police arrest of an Asian man
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16
Q

Cantle Report

A
  • Cantle report argued to some degree that there was self segregation and communities were segregating themselves this was exacerbated by politicians
  • Peter Hain claimed that Muslims were isolating themselves
  • Home Secretary David Blanket claimed South Asians should speak English at home
17
Q

Does the Muslim community even exist

A
  • Muslims in the UK are divided hugely by ethnicity by sects (Muslims were varying cultures, beliefs and practises) and class
  • experiences of Muslim men and women also differ vastly
  • The muslim community is imagined. It is a construct
  • Saeeda Warsi in a newly released book speaks of there not being a coherent Muslim community- reiterated the idea that the representation is not possible
18
Q

Data on Islamophobia

A
  • Stats that show that after geopolitical event such as the Paris attacks leads to higher Islamic hate crime.
  • Also rose after Brexit
  • A sum of 1665 hate crimes against Muslims were recorded in 2017/18
  • That would equal a 31.5% rise in Islamophobic assaults (Leftfootforward)
  • Islamophobic attacks soared more than 500% in greater Manchesterr after the terror attacks at an Ariana Grande concert. (TheGuardian.2017)
19
Q

Prevent Agenda

A
  • Teachers nurses and doctors all trained to be able to detect signs of radicalisation
  • CONTEST strategy:
  • PREPARING: able to be ready for terrorism
  • PURSUING: Stopping it occurring in the first place.
  • PURSUING: The UK is peculiar in the scale of counter terrorism legislation and the extent to which aspects of this legislation have impinged on the civil rights and liberties of British Muslims (Mythen,G.Et al.2009)
  • PURSUING: After 9/11. Number of Asian people stopped and searched under anti terrorism laws in the UK rose by near on 400% (Mythen,G.Et al 2009)
  • PREVENT: Is the fourth strand of this strategy, stop the process of radicalisation, so stop them wanted to do it in the first place.
  • PREVENT: Governmental policies to ‘engage young muslims’ largely been top down attempts to challenge radicalisation and thus minimise the terrorist threat. (Mythen,G.2009)
  • PREVENT: Rather than seeking to understand their diverse lives, much of the political debate has centres on their dislocation from ‘mainstream society’ and the need for young Pakistanis to integrate into British society (Mythen,G. Et al 2009)
20
Q

Targeting Muslims

A
  • Difficult to identify terrorist
  • Not targeting their faith but are targeting their communities.
  • One example of a prevent project: Success clubs- develop skills positive attitude-82K (2007)
  • The UK is peculiar in the scale of its counter terrorism legislation and the extent to which aspects of this legislation have impinge on the civil rights and liberties of British muslims
  • After 9/11. Number of Asian people have stopped and searched under anti terrorism laws in the UK rose by near on 400%.
  • Young Muslims identified as a risky group.
  • Young Muslims believe these policies turn them from victims to villains always seen in a negative light. Not just terrorism, but stories of muslim men beating their wives and arranged marriages make muslims look like cavemen. (Mythen,G.Et al 2009)
21
Q

Problems of prevent agenda

A
  • The work in the end isn’t really about counter terrorism, ended up running youth work projects developing skills.
  • Not really preventing terrorism
  • Due to the minority group being so closely monitored and well publicized, acts by this group therefore mean the whole group is therefore associated with these risks. (Mythen,G.Et al 2009)
  • All the routine forms of surveillance, scrutiny and intimidation they had experienced has meant consequences to young Muslims was restriction of movement, intimidation and harassment in the public sphere (Myhthen,G.Et al 2009)
22
Q

Project champion

A

-Decision made in 2008 to apply for terrorism and allied matters funding
-Install lots of security cameras in Muslim communities
-Cost 3.5 million
-216 cameras
-ANPR and CCTV cameras
-72 Covert cameras
-Cameras which automatically track car number plates
-Cameras appeared at 81 sites without consultation (Guardian.2010)
-Cameras are the first of its kind (Guardian.2010)
-Cameras renamed the ‘rings of steel’, ensure no one can enter or leave Washwood heath or Sparkbrook without being tracked(Guardian.2010)
-Cant install cameras without telling the locals, so the police made up a storyline that the cameras were built because the areas are a high crime.
-Mohammed Ishtiaq, said they have been 100% misled about the cameras. As the point of the cameras was stated that it would be for anti social behaviour and drug dealing and stated counter terrorism was just as an aside of what the scheme could address (Guardian.2010)
-Detection: Steve Jolly, looked into the reasons as to why the cameras were put into the areas which they were. Eventually got to the bottom of the reason.
-Anger against the cameras, they didn’t like that their communities are always looked down the lens of terrorism.
A minority of residents saw it as a clash of civilisations- part of a wider struggle between Islam and the west.

23
Q

Climbdown

A
  • Authorities began realising scheme was untenable
  • Key partners in prevent bitterly opposed to Project Champion.
  • Spy-cam summit signalled a shift in attitudes towards protestors.
24
Q

Difference between project champion and prevent programme

A 
PROJECT CHAMPION
-Exclusionary surveillance focus
-Subjects
-Threat to circuits
-Aimed at managing risk
PREVENT PROGRAMME
-Inclusionary community focus
-Partners
-Aimed at improving resilience
-Giving communities the tools to deal with terrorism
25
Q

Governance of community

A
  • Institutional class of muslims influential
  • decline of ‘the social’- the giving way to community
  • Communities too are imagined territories
  • communitarianism, a post structural approach
  • The social is homogenous, flawed
  • Co-operation or co-option

Muslims in the west (4 decks)

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