Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Midwifery 1201 > Muskulo Skeletal System > Flashcards

Muskulo Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the musculoskeletal system do?

A

provides protection for the organs
essential in the survival response
stores important salts like calcium and phosphorus
involved in the production of red cells (haematopoisis)
keeps important organs such as the heart, blood vessels or the digestive system working: most key organs of the body are formed by muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the cortical bone?

A

It is the hard outer layer of the bone. This is also called the compact bone. It accounts for 80% of the total bone mass in the human skeleton. Each column bone is formed by multiple osteons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an osteon?

A

This is the primary anatomical and functional unit of the cortical bone. Each column is formed by multiple layers of osteocytes that form a honeycomb like matrix that helps to give the bone rigidity. In the middle of each osteon the harversian canal contains blood vessels that feed the bone and allows for the exchange of calcium and phosphates for bone remodelation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the trabecular bone?

A

Also known as cancellous or spongy bone. This is the internal part of the bone, formed by a porous network, which makes it more flexible than the cortical bone. It is typically found at the end of long bones, near joints and in the interior of vertebrae. It is highly vascular and contains bone marrow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is bone marrow?

A

It is a semisolid tissue composed by stem blood cells, that is in charge of new blood production (haematopoiesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A

These are mature bone cells that have become trapped in the bone remodelation process. their function is to monitor and maintain bone tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is periosteum?

A

It is the most outer layer of the bone, covering the surface of the bone and with the ability to transform into osteoblast to create more bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is bone?

A

Bone is a dynamic, living tissue, constantly being remodelled and renewed. Just like skin, it is being replaced throughout life through the action of cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 2 types of cells that help to renew and remodel bones?

A

Osteoblast and osteoclast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe an osteoblast.

A

These cells are the immature bone cells that, as the bone develops, become trapped within the newly formed bone, transforming into osteocytes (mature bone cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe an osteoclast.

A

these cells break down the bone, releasing calcium and phosphate into the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What 2 hormones mediate the process remodelling bone?

A

Calcitonin

Parathyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

it facilitates the absorption of calcium from the blood to osteoblast to form new bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone do?

A

it facilitates the release of calcium from the bone back to the blood stream with the action of the osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is ossification?

A

The formation of bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

At the fetal stage what are bones formed of?

A

cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is the cartilage transformed into bone?

A

Through the action of osteoblasts. This process will take approx 25 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 2 types of bones?

A

axial

sesamoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is an axial bone?

A

The bones forming the main, central axis of the body, while appendicular are the bones in the extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a sesamoid bone?

A

These are bones that are not in contact with any other bone, but instead they are embedded in a tendon or muscle to protect tendons from stress and wear: there are often in the hands and feel, or the kneecap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the structure of a long bone?

A

Contains both epiphysis and diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the epiphysis?

A

the rounded end of the bone, usually forming a joint with another bone. This part is mainly formed by trabecular or spongy bone. The head is in contact with the joint is covered by articular cartilage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the diaphysis?

A

this is the shaft of the bone. Formed mainly be compact bone, with the medulla cavity that contains bone marrow

24
Q

what is the transition from the epiphysis and diaphysis called?

A

metaphysis
the part of the bone that grows during childhood, as it formed mainly by cartilage tissue. Once bones have reached the adult size this part will ossify

25
Q

What do muscles do?

A

provide strength, balance, posture, movement and heat for the body to keep warm

26
Q

what are the 3 types of muscles?

A

Skeletal muscles, smooth muscles and cardiac muscles

27
Q

Describe skeletal muscles.

A

these are muscles attached to the bones by ligaments. they are also known as voluntary muscles: when they contract they are responsible for movement. the cells of this type of muscles are long, single cylindrical and with multiple nuclei like strips

28
Q

Describe smooth muscles.

A

These type of muscle tissue form the internal hollow organs, such as the digestive system, the lungs, the uterus or blood vessels. these are also known as involuntary muscles: they are controlled by the nervous system, but you cannot choose to control or relax this tissue. the smooth muscle cells are small, have one single nucleus and are spindle shaped

29
Q

Describe cardiac muscle.

A

This is the only type of muscle that can contract without external nerve stimulus, just by the action of the cardiac pacemaker. This is a highly coordinated tissue

30
Q

How are skeletal muscles formed?

A

By bundles of muscular cells called fibres. These are rope like structures, all contained inside a bag called fascia, that terminates in a cord like structure called tendon. Tendons attach muscles to bones.

31
Q

What initiates the skeletal muscle contraction?

A

electrical signal from the somatic nervous system, that arrives to the muscle at the neuromuscular junction

32
Q

What does the skeletal muscular contraction need to happen?

A

calcium and energy

33
Q

How is a smooth muscle contraction controlled?

A

Through a combination of the autonomous nervous system and the endocrine nervous system

34
Q

What does smooth muscle respond to?

A

electrical impulses and hormones that are released to by specialised organs or even physical factors such as stretching , changes in ph and temp

35
Q

What is an example of hormone stimulation?

A

oxytocin triggers uterine contractions

36
Q

what is an example of a physical factor?

A

when the pupil reacts to light

37
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

the wave like motion that smooth muscle can move in

38
Q

What is essential for maintaining steady pressures in blood vessels?

A

the contraction of of the smooth muscle starts slower and lasts much longer than skeletal muscle. It is almost like smooth muscle is always in a continued partial contraction

39
Q

Smooth muscle is generally found in 2 layers;

A

Longitudinal; causes organ dilation and shortening and it is often the outer layer of the organ

Circular; causes organ constriction and elongation, and it is often the inner layer

40
Q

What explains the fact that the uterus can enlarge and the vagina can dilate?

A

the longitudinal and circular layers give the smooth muscle layer have greater flexibility, elasticity and resistance than the skeletal muscles

41
Q

what is the deltoid muscle?

A

Located at the top of the arm, this is a muscle you may use to administer intramuscular injections

42
Q

What is the gluteus muscle?

A

These are a groups of three muscles which make up the buttocks, inserted from the ilium and sacrum to the femur.

43
Q

What are the abdominal rectus?

A

these are the abdominal muscles that connect the ribs with the pubis and will separate in pregnancy with the growth of the uterus

44
Q

flexion vs extension

A

refers to a movement that decreases/ increases the angle between two body parts

45
Q

abduction vs adduction

A

refers to a movement towards or away from the midline of the body

46
Q

circumduction

A

it is a circular motion, where the limb forms a cone of movement around the joint

47
Q

rotation

A

refers to the movement of the limbs around their long axis

48
Q

supination vs pronation

A

refers to the movement where the part of the body is turned to the anterior part (supine) or the posterior part (prone) of the body

49
Q

inversion vs eversion

A

refers to movements which occur at the ankle joint referring to the rotation of the foot around its long axis

50
Q

How are most of the changes in pregnancy related?

A

They are related to the physical changes in body weight distribution that happens in a short period of time

51
Q

How are the adaptations to pregnancy mediated?

A

through hormones such as relaxin and progesterone

relaxin relaxes the ligaments in the body which progesterone reduces the contraction of the smooth muscles

52
Q

What is symphysis pubic diastasis (SPD)?

A

the pubic bones can separate causes severe discomfort

53
Q

What cause leg cramps in the second half of pregnancy?

A

They are common and can be related to mineral metabolism and increases neuromuscular irritability

54
Q

What can cause swelling in the lower limbs?

A

water retention leads to soft tissue oedema (swelling) in the lower limbs. This along with the musculoskeletal changes may cause nerve entrapment, often in the form if sciatica or tunnel carpal syndrome.

55
Q

Why are pregnant women at risk of falling?

A

The changes in the posture control and body balance

they have the same risk as someone over 65

Midwifery 1201 (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions