Musk Flashcards
Blood test - ESR
It’s used to check for inflammation in the body
C reactive protein, Ca, Phos
Is a protein in the blood that indicates inflammation
Bone density test
It’s a painless, noninvasive procedure that uses X-rays or other imaging techniques. Purpose Diagnoses osteoporosis and osteopenia, Determines your risk of fracture, Monitors bone loss over time, and Helps determine the effectiveness of treatment.
Electromyography (EMG)
Measures muscle response or electrical activity in response to a nerve’s stimulation of the muscle.
Bone scan
Scintigraphy, is a painless radiology procedure that uses a small amount of radioactive material to create an image of your bones. It can help diagnose bone conditions such as cancer, infections, fractures, and arthritis.
Arthrocentesis
Is a procedure where a doctor uses a needle to take fluid out of a joint.
Arthroscopy
Is a procedure that uses a fiber-optic camera to diagnose and treat joint problems.
CRP Normal level
0.5 - 3.0 mg/L
CPR slightly elevated
3-10 mg/L
CPR rise with age, and women tend to have higher. Causes of slightly elevated are mild inflammation, and conditions like
- Diabetes
- Periodontitis
- Obesity
- Pregnancy
CPR moderately elevated
10-100 mg/L
- Cancers
- Rheumatoid
- Crohn’s disease
CPR markedly elevated
<100 mg/L
Major trauma
ACUTE BACTERIAL INFECTION
Hypertrophy
Increased size of the muscle cell when demand is increased
Atrophy
Decrease in muscle cell size when the muscle is not used
Disuse Atrophy
Associated with immobility and chronic illness
Tetany
Increased irritability
Soft tissue trauma: Contusion
Simplest musculoskeletal injury.
- Bleeding into soft tissue resulting from blunt force
- Significant bleeding can cause a hematoma
- Swelling and discolouration
Soft tissue trauma - Sprain
A sprain is a ligament injury caused by a twisting motion, overstitching or tear.
Grades of sprains
Grade I - Mild bleeding and inflammation
Grade II - Severe stretching and some tearing and inflammation and hematoma
Grade III - Complete tearing of ligament
Grade IV - Bony attachment of ligament broken away
Truma strain
- A strain is a microscopic tear in the muscle or tendon
- Sudden, forced motion causing the muscle to become stretched beyond its normal capacity
- Often caused by inappropriate lifting or sudden acceleration deceleration (Motor vehicle crash)
- May cause bleeding into the tissues
- Local muscle damage
- Can also involve the tendons
Muscle tears
Occur with overexertion/over-stressing
Classified by degrees
- First (small)
- Second (Large incomplete tear)
- Third (Complete tear)
Trauma of ligaments & tendons: Avulsion
Complete separation of a tendon or ligament from its bony attachment
Trauma of ligaments & tendons: Subluxation
Partially out of the joint
Dislocation
- Separation of two bones at a joint.
- Loss of contact between articulating surface
- Results in damage to soft tissue, ligaments, nerves and blood vessels.
S&S - Pain
- Swelling
- Bruising
- Instability of the joint
- Loss of ROM
- Deformed look
Soft tissue trauma
Diagnostic test
History and assessment
X-ray (To rule out fracture)
MRI
Fractures
A break in the continuity of bone
Causes: Trauma, or secondary to stress or disease
- Direct blow
- Crushing force ( compression)
- Sudden twisting motions (torsion)
- Severe muscle contraction
- Disease (pathologic fracture)
Path of a fracture
- When a bone breaks bleeding occurs from the blood vessels in the bone.
- Hematoma or clot forms in the medullary cavity, under the periosteum and between the ends of the bone fragments
- Necrosis occurs at the ends of bone fragments
- Inflammatory response develops
