Musicians, Cities, Views

Question 1

What educational body arose in 8th century?

Answer 1

Schola cantorum, taught young boys to sing, choirs take over single lectors

Question 2

How did they sing?

Answer 2

From memory, no notation

Question 3

Why was music antiphonal?

Answer 3

To avoid exhaustion of monks, because of Carolingian reform

Question 4

Traditionalist view

Answer 4

Diachronic - french to latin, transmission was primarily oral

Question 5

New view

Answer 5

Synchronic pluralism - things develop at the same time, transmission oral but improvised melodies that eventually solidified chant

Question 6

Revisionist view

Answer 6

Transmission based on lost book of chant c.800

Question 7

Rise of Paris

Answer 7

C11th urbanisation in north France, abbeys and cathedrals built, by 12th and 13thC, paris population larger, cathedral schools to educate kids

Question 8

Rise of musicians

Answer 8

Official job by 13th century, gain respect and social acceptance through guilds (also a way to enforce musicals rules e.g waiting for an event to end before moving to another gig)

Question 9

Boethius view of musicians

Answer 9

Servants for a master, performers of the lower classes

Question 10

Evidence of synchronic pluralism

Answer 10

Catherine A. Bradley (2013, 67-70) finds latin motets borrow from earlier french motets, some clausulae traced back to textless transcriptions of French motets