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Musical elements Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the ten musical elements?

A 
melody
harmony
tonality
form and structure
dynamics
sonority
texture
tempo
rhythm
metre
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2
Q

No sharps or flats

A

C major / A minor

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3
Q

1 sharp

A

G major / E minor

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4
Q

1 flat

A

F major / D minor

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5
Q

2 sharps

A

D major / B minor

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6
Q

2 flats

A

Bb major / G minor

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7
Q

3 sharps

A

A major / F# minor

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8
Q

3 flats

A

Eb major / C minor

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9
Q

4 sharps

A

E major / C# minor

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10
Q

4 flats

A

Ab major / F minor

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11
Q

4 flats

A

Ab major / F minor

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12
Q

Binary form is

A

AB

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13
Q

Ternary form is

A

ABA

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14
Q

Minuet and trio is

A

AB(m)AB(t)AB(m)

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15
Q

Rondo form is

A

ABACA

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16
Q

Variation form is

A

Theme V1 V2 V3

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17
Q

Strophic form is

A

AAA (verse or chorus repeating)

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18
Q

Repetition

A

The exact repeat of a musical idea

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19
Q

Contrast

A

A change in the musical content

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20
Q

Anacrusis

A

A note (or notes) before the first strong beat

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21
Q

Imitation

A

When a musical idea is copied in another part

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22
Q

Sequence

A

The repetition of a motif in the same part but at a different pitch

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23
Q

Ostinato

A

A musical pattern repeated many times, also known as a riff in pop music

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24
Q

Syncopation

A

Off beat (accented notes on the weak beats)

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25
Q

Dotted rhythms

A

A dot placed after a note increases its value by half again (so it is a little longer), giving a kind of jagged effect to the rhythm

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26
Q

Drone

A

A repeated note or notes held throughout a passage of music

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27
Q

Pedal

A

A held or repeated note against which changing harmonies are heard

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28
Q

Canon

A

A compositional device in which a melody is repeated exactly in another part while the initial melody is still being played

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29
Q

Conjunct movement

A

When the melody move mainly by step

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30
Q

Disjunct movement

A

When the melody leaps from one note to another

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31
Q

Broken chord / arpeggio

A

A chord played as separate noes, when the notes of a chord are played in succession either up or down.

32
Q

Alberti bass

A

A type of broken chord accompaniment

33
Q

Regular phrasing

A

The balanced parts of a melody

34
Q

Motifs

A

A short melodic or rhythmic idea that has a distinctive character

35
Q

Chord progressions

A

A series of chords related to each other in a particular key

36
Q

Perfect cadence

A

V to I

37
Q

Plagal cadence

A

IV to I

38
Q

Imperfect cadence

A 
Ends on chord V so either: 
II to V
I to V 
IV to V
vi to V
39
Q

Interrupted cadence

A

V to vi

40
Q

Monophonic texture

A

A single melodic line for instrumental or vocal soloist with no accompaniment. This can also be when voices and instruments are played or sung together in unison

41
Q

Homophonic texture

A

When one main melody is heard whit a harmonic accompaniment of chords.

42
Q

Polyphonic texture

A

There are a number of melodic lines heard independently of each other.

43
Q

Unison

A

When two or more musical parts sound the same pitches at the same time.

44
Q

Chordal

A

A description of the type of texture where the parts move together producing a series or progression of chords.

45
Q

Layered

A

When more parts are added on top of each other to add more fullness to the sound and produce a richer texture.

46
Q

Melody and accompaniment

A

When the tune is the main focus of interest and importance, and it is accompanied by another part which supports the tune.

47
Q

Canon

A

Where the melody is repeated exactly in another part while the initial melody is still being played.

48
Q

Countermelody

A

When a new melody is heard at the same time as a previous melody.

49
Q

Round

A

When the music goes ‘round and round’ and may continue to repeat indefinitely

50
Q

Musical ensemble definition and 7 different groups

A

A group of people who perform instrumental or vocal music together.
Duet, trio, quartet, quintet, sextet, septet, octet

51
Q

Sonata form is

A

A musical structure developed in the Classical era, frequently used for the first movement in a larger work such as a symphony sonata or concerto.

52
Q

Basso continuo

A

‘Continuous bass’ used to accompany solo instruments and singers as well as various instrumental groups. Usually played by a harpsichord, organ or sometimes a lute.

53
Q

A sonata is

A

A piece of music to be played rather than sung.

54
Q

Trio sonatas are

A

Two soloists and basso continuo

55
Q

String quartet consists of

A

Two violins, a viola and a cello

56
Q

The rhythm section is

A

The musicians whose main job is to supply the rhythm. It usually consists of bass and drums, and sometimes keyboard instruments.

57
Q

6 film composers

A

John Williams, Max Steiner, Erich Korngold, Hans Zimmer, Bernard Herrmann, Rachel Portman

58
Q

Name 6 films with scores composed by John Williams

A

Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, and Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Home alone, E.T, Jurassic Park

59
Q

Two categories of film music are

A

Diegetic and Non-Diegetic

60
Q

Diegetic music is

A

Contained within the action so it can be heard by the on-screen characters.

61
Q

Non-Diegetic music is

A

Background music supporting the on-screen action which is not heard by the characters but is heard by the film audiences.

62
Q

Describe 6 musical features used to describe a battle scene

A

Brass fanfares, pedal, rhythmic ostinatos, slow brass melody, texture getting thicker, slow ascending scales, homophonic- chordal, moderato tempo, brass stabs, staccato, cresc or dims, accents, faster rhythms

63
Q

Describe 6 musical features used to describe a love scene

A

Long sustained high notes on strings, Slow melodies on brass and strings, Gradual crescendos and diminuendos, Texture gradually gets thicker, Ascending legato melodies, Pedal notes
Long sustained high notes on strings, Major key

64
Q

Describe 6 musical features used to describe a scene of sadness

A

Brass fanfares, Sustained notes, Slow or free rhythms and tempo, Slow string melodies, Texture gets thicker, Slow descending scales, Monophonic texture, Minor key, Legato, Crescendos and diminuendos, Vibrato playing

65
Q

Describe 6 musical features used to describe a scene of tension building

A 
Dissonance/a tonal
High pitched strings
Free tempo
Pedal 
Accents
Uneven rhythms
Tempo gets faster
Dynamics suddenly changing
Sustained notes
Crescendo
Stabs
Ostinato
Silence
66
Q

What are 10 musical characteristics of a fanfare

A 
Based on the notes of a chord and often includes intervals of 3rd, 5th and octave
Broken chord figurations
Dotted rythms
Triplet pattern
Semiquavers
Brass instruments (melody) 
Percussion instruments (accompaniment)
Energy / Power
Loud (forte)
Major key
67
Q

What is minimalism

A

Musical genre where ideas are characterised by repetition, based on small cells which evolve.

68
Q

What is layering

A

Moving from ne element to another and building up the musical ideas to fill out the texture.

69
Q

What can an ostinato illustrate

A

The build up of action or tension

70
Q

What is the difference between pop and rock?

A

Pop is commercial music enjoyed by the masses

Rock is a more aggressive sounding genre but some genres are more gentle.

71
Q

Name 13 different styles of rock

A

Psychedelic, folk/country, blues, progressive, punk, glam, soft, hard/heavy, pop, grunge, Britpop, other styles.

72
Q

What is progressive rock and three examples of performers.

A

A more experimental form with instruments and song forms producing much longer tracks as they experimented with classical music of electronic effects.

Pink Floyd, Genesis, King Crimson

73
Q

What is punk rock and three examples of performers.

A

A reaction against progressive rock with groups wanting to get back to the simple chords and structures

The Clash, The Damned, Patti Smith

74
Q

What is hard/heavy rock and three examples of performers.

A

A style associated with lead and rhythm guitars, use of simple riffs, solos, distortion and effects.

AC/DC, Jimi Hendrix, deep purple.

74
Q

What is heavy rock and three examples of performers.

A

It demonstrated more intensity and volume.

Black Sabbath, Metallica, Iron Maiden

75
Q

What is Britpop rock and three examples of performers.

A

A reaction against grunge with a wave of new British groups.

Oasis, Supergrass, Blur

76
Q

What is blues rock and three examples of performers.

A

Is a popular blues scene developed with the fusion of rock.

Eric Clapton, Janis Joplin, Gary Moore

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