music therapy exam 2 Flashcards
3 elements pf the definition of intellectual disabilities given by the AAIDD
- Limitations in intellectual functioning (determined by IQ score)
- Significant Limitations in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills
- Manifests during the developmental years before the age of 18
What are the classifications of intellectual disabilities?
Mild mental retardation IQ 50-55 to 70
Moderate mental retardation 35-45 to 50-55
Severe mental retardation 20-25 to 35-40
Profound mental retardation below a 20 or 25
6 main goal areas addressed in music therapy for persons with ID
- Music therapy for developmental and emotional behaviors
- Development of motor skills
- Development of communication skills
- Development of pre-academic skills attention-following directions- eye contact
- Development of academic skills
- /development of leisure skills.
Name 2 specific music therapy interventions with this population and what area of need they would address
developing social skills-group work
Developing motor skills
PL 94-142
IDEA
IEP
PL 94-142 Education for all handicapped children act 1975
IDEA - Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 1990
IEP - Individualized Education Program
What is PDD and ASD
Pervasive Developmental Disorder (invludes aspergers syndrome Childhood disintegrative disorder and Rett’s syndrome)
ASD
Autism Spectrum Disorder (Delays in the development of socialization and communication skills )
What does AAC and PECS stand for?
Alternative and augmentative communication (dynavox ashley)
PECS
Picture exchange comminucation system (ashley)
3 main areas of struggle for those with ASD
Social Interaction
Use of Language to communicate
Symbolistic or imaginary play
2 typical goals with ASD and a music therapy intervention that might address each
Increase attention span
increase fine and gross motor skills
Develop social skills
Reduce anxiety, tantrum, and hyperactivity
What are the Characteristics of Cerebral Palsy?
Cerebral-having to do with the brain
Palsy-the way a person moves or positions their body
*non progressive disorder of movement and posture/motor abnormalities
*Caused by damage to the motor area of the brain
*85-90% of damage occurs during pregnancy
10-15% are acquired
3 out of the 7 types
- Spastic- muscles are stiff or cannot be relaxed
- Athetiod- difficulty controlling muscles of the body. arms and legs flutter or move suddenly.
- Ataxia- children walk slowly with swaying trunk. feet apart and arms help up for balance
What are the Characteristics of spina bifida?
Open defect in the spinal column
*Caused by abnormal fetal development
Failure of vetebral arches to close before birth
*most disabling condition among children
includes paralysis of the bladder in all cases and paralysis of the bowels also in some
*90% also have hydrocephalus (water on the brain) which also causes intellectual disability
other forms of spina bifida include:
meningcele-spinal cord protrudes through opening at the back of the spinal column
myelomeningocele-spinal cord and meninges develop outside of the body
What are the characteristics of muscular dystrophy?
Progressive weakness of all the muscles of the body
degeneration of muscle cells, replaced by fat and fibrous tissue
most are wheelchair bound by the age of 10
death occurs in the late teens
Disease itself isn’t fatal- death is caused by the weakening of the heart and breathing
Duchenne is the most common
- usually occurs before the age of 3
- awkward movements
- poor posture
- tip-toeing
- weakness moves from the feet up
3 types of goals in working with physically disabled children and what they include?
educational- focus on academics but also includes social, emotional, and physical skill development.
Rehabilitative- focus on remedial or compensatory therapy for physical deficits, such as movement, posture, respiration, sensory perception.
Developmental: Focus on enhancing normal development by filling life with normal activities equal to the current developmental stage
what are 3 of the 6 treatment areas for this population and a music therapy intervention
- Motor Skills
- Communication Skills
- Cognitive skills
- Social skills
- Emotional skills
- Musical skills
Define Gerontology
a study of one or more apsects of aging. medicine, psychology, sociology, recreation therapy, physical therapy, nursing and music therapy
Define Geriatrics
Medical subspecialty concerned with the care of elderly patients and treatment of their medical problems
Age related disorders
depression
- dementia/alzheimers disease
- Parkinsons- Central nervous system disorder
- osteoporosis-musculoskeletal
- MI- myocardial infarction -blood heart and circulatory
- CVA- Cerebrovascular accident
- COPD- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
what are 3 possible goals for this population and 3 common treatments administered to accomplish these goals?
social
physical
emotional
define Schizophrenia
changes in thinking, sensory perception, reality orientation (not knowing who and/or where one is) affect and/or behavior
Positive and negative symptoms:
Positive: hallucinations delusions
Negative: blunt affect, poverty of speech
Treatment supportive guiding
MT goals: reality orientation, developing skills, motivation, stress reduction
define mood disorder
Bipolar disorder
-depression/mania
Categorized by “Episodes” – discrete periods of time during which a person experiences a number of specific symptoms
• Tx includes: meds, ECT, psychotherapy
– MT goals include: stabilize mood, increase coping strategies, change maladaptive beliefs, meet psychosocial needs
define anxiety disorder
• Anxiety is a normal response to everyday stressful situations
• Anxiety Disorders: excessive, ongoing, irrational in relation to the actual situation, debilitating.
• Major Anxiety Disorders include:
– Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) – Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) – Panic Disorders – PTSD – Phobias
Tx for Anxiety Disorders generally focuses on changing irrational thoughts; facilitating stress reduction / relaxation
• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is the most widely used form of therapy for anxiety.
• Often, treatment is accompanied by medication.
define personality disorder
Enduring pattern of maladaptive behavior–one’s behavior(s) is markedly different from the expectations of their culture.
• Individuals with personality disorders generally lack insight into their own limitations, and tend to place blame on others.
wheeler’s 3 levels of therapy
Level I: Music Therapy as a Supportive / Activity Therapy – uses music activities (experiences to promote healthy behaviors and foster participation) Addresses goals such as……
• Improve social interaction and awareness of others • Maintain reality orientation/awareness of here and now • Diversion from neurotic concerns or obsessions • Appropriate and successful involvement in a group
activity • Healthy use of leisure time
Level II: Insight Music Therapy with Re-educative Goals – greater emphasis placed on verbal reflection and processing about interpersonal issues and why maladaptive behaviors are occurring. Participants need to be well oriented to reality and able to communicate more than superficially.
• Feeling identification and expression • Problem solving • Awareness of one’s own behaviors • Facilitation of behavioral change
Level III: Insight Music Therapy with Reconstructive Goals – uncovering, reliving, and resolving subconscious conflicts (ie., trauma in early childhood) Changes the personality structure. Therapists need advanced training. Clientele need to have good reality orientation and a high degree of motivation for personal change. BMGIM is a good example of a level III music therapy model.
2 common needs in this population and 2 different music therapy interventions that might be used to address these needs
social
mental
Define MMT
Musical Mnemonics training the use of musical exercises to address various memory encoding and decoding/ recall functions
Define MIT
Musical intonation therapy a treatment developed for expressive aphasia rehabilitation that utilizes a patients unimpaired ability to sing in order to facilitate spontaneous and voluntary speech through sung and chanted melodies that resemble speech patterns
Define MUSTIM
Musical speech stimulation the use of musical materials such as songs rhymes chants and musical phrases simulating prosodic speech gestures to stimulate nonpropositional speech
Define OMREX
Oral motor Respiratory exercises involves the use of musical materials mainly through sound and wind instrument training to enhance articulatory control and respiratory strength
Define RAS
Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation
facilitate the rehabilitation to movements that are biologically rhythmical like gait (to walk)
Define PSE
Patterned sensory enhancement uses music as cues for movement that reflect funtional exercises and activities of daily living
Define TIMP
Therapeutic instrumental musical performance playing of musical instruments in order to exercise and stimulate functional movement patterns
Name 2 neurological conditions treated with NMT techniques and 1 technique for both
Stroke can help with communication, physical function and cognitive function
multiple sclerosis -MNT for helping with memory VIT and TS can help with to increase respiratory strength
What are the four main areas addressed with clients in medical settings?
Reduce perception of pain – Music for physical activity – Normalize the medical environment – Provide emotional support
What are four typical music therapy interventions used
with those in this setting?
Improvisation – Singing – Songwriting – Listening – Lyric analysis – PMR
What is hospice?
to improve the quality of a patient’s last days
What does the term ‘palliative care’ refer to?
Aims to enable a person to live the fullest quality of life possible
• Addresses an individual’s medical, nursing, psychosocial, and spiritual needs
• Addresses the psychosocial, social, and spiritual needs of the patient’s family for the duration of the patient’s illness and during bereavement
Name 1 common goal for a hospice patient and 1 music therapy intervention used to address it.
To improve the quality of their last days. and use music as a distraction or pain management
Name Kubler-Ross’s 5 stages of dying
Denial and Isolation – “This isn’t happening to me!”
• Anger – “How dare God do this to me!”
• Bargaining – “Just let me live to see my son graduate.”
• Depression – “I can’t bear to face going through this, putting my family through this.”
• Acceptance – “I’m ready. I don’t want to struggle anymore.”
The 2 types of hearing loss
Conductive Hearing Loss – possible to correct
– Impediment of mechanical energy – Obstruction in the outer or middle ear – Disease, colds, allergies
Sensorineural Hearing Loss - permanent
– Damage to or absence of hair cells in the inner ear
– Difficulties in converting mechanical energy into electrical energy
– Can be congenital, or caused by infections or extended exposure to loud sounds
Differences between the terms deaf and
Deaf
deaf: ( HH)those who respond to speech
and other sound through the use of residual hearing, hearing aides, or cochlear implants. Primary mode of communication is speech.
Deaf: those who uphold the values of Deaf culture and take
pride in their culture identity. ASL is their native language. Some in the Deaf community do not embrace music, finding no value for it in their lives.
One common need of the hearing
impaired population and one MT intervention that addresses it
Supplemental Auditory Training
– Make maximum use of residual hearing
Sound Detection Sound Differentiation Sound Identification Sound Comprehension
Speech Production
– Work closely with speech-language pathologist
Increase use of the voice
Increase awareness of speech patterns, rhythms, inflections
One common need of the visually impaired
and one MT intervention that addresses it
To develop spatial/body orientation To increase mobility To increase social skills To promote interpersonal communication skills To increase emotional expression To improve self-concept/self-esteem To provide sensory stimuli to reduce inappropriate mannerism/behaviors To improve cognition (learning) skills To improve leisure/relaxation skills
