Music Intermediate Rudiments Flashcards
accelerando (accel.)
becoming quicker
alla, all’
in the manner of
animato
lively, animated
assai
much, very much (e.g, allegro assai, very fast)
ben, bene
well (e.g., coll’ ottava, with an added octave)
con
with
con brio
with vigour, spirit
con espressione
with expression
con moto
with movement
e, ed
and
espressivo
expressive, with expression
fortepiano (fp)
loud, then suddenly soft
grave
slow and solemn
leggiero
light, nimble, quick
loco
return to normal register
ma
but (e.g., ma non troppo, but not too much)
meno
less
meno mosso
less movement, slower
M.M
Maelzel’s Metronome
molto
much, very
non
not
non troppo
not too much
piu
more
piu mosso
more movement, quicker
poco
little
poco a poco
little by little
quasi
almost, as if
rubato
with some freedom of tempo to enhance musical expression
sempre
always, continuously
senza
without
spiritoso
spirited
tenuto
held, sustained
tranquillo
quiet, tranquil
tre corde
three strings; release the left (piano) pedal
troppo
too much
una corda
one string; depress the left (piano) pedal
vivace
lively, brisk
accent >
a stressed note
adagio
a slow tempo (slower than andante, but not as slow as largo)
allegretto
fairly fast (a little slower than allegro)
allegro
fast
andante
moderately slow; at a walking pace
andantino
a little fast than andante
a tempo
return to original tempo
cantabile
in a singing style
crescendo, cresc.
becoming louder
con pedale, Ped.
with pedal
da Capo, D.C.
repeat from the beginning
da Capo al Fine, D.C al Fine
repeat from the beginning and end at Fine
dal Segno, D.S
repeat from the sign
decrescendo, decresc.
becoming softer
diminuendo, dim
becoming softer
dolce
sweet, gentle
fermata
pause; hold the note or rest longer than its written value
forte (f)
loud
fortissimo (ff)
very loud
fine
the end of the music
grazioso
graceful
larghetto
not as slow as largo
largo
very slow
legato
smooth
lento
slow
maestoso
majestic
marcato
marked or stressed
mano destra (m.d.)
right hand
mano sinistra (m.s.)
left hand
mezzo forte (mf)
moderately loud
mezzo piano (mp)
moderately soft
moderato
at a moderate pace
ottava. 8va
the interval of an octave
8va above the notes
play one octave above the written pitch
8va below the notes
play one octave below the written pitch
pianissimo (pp)
very soft
piano (p)
soft
prestissimo
as fast as possible
rallentando, rall
slowing down
ritardando, rit
slowing down gradually
repeat signs
repeat the music within the double bars
slur
play the notes legato
staccato
detached
tie
hold the note for the combined value of the tied notes
tempo
speed at which the music is performed
tempo primo (tempo I)
return to the original tempo
harmonic minor scale
7th is raised a chromatic semitone ascending and descending
melodic minor scale
6th and 7th are raised a chromatic semitone ascending only
enharmonic
when two notes have the same pitch, but are described differently with neighboring letter names
tonic
1st and 8th
supertonic
2nd
mediant
3rd
subdominant
4th
dominant
5th
submediant
6th
leading note
7th
melodic chromatic scale
consists of half steps only. ascending- every letter name is used twice except for 3.7.1. ascending half steps are raised. descending- every letter name is used twice except for 1.4.1. descending half steps are lowered.
harmonic chromatic scale
consists of half steps only. every letter is written twice except for the tonic and dominant notes
whole tone scale
consists of six pitches built on a pattern of whole tones. one letter is omitted preventing the use of a double sharp or double flat. two types of whole tone scales- one using the three black keys group and one using the two black keys group.
major pentatonic scale
consists of 5 notes built on the pattern of WT WT minor3rd WT. 1st write the regular major scale then omit the 4th and 7th notes
minor pentatonic scale
begins with a minor 3rd. first write the natural minor and then omit the 2nd and 6th notes
blues scale
to write a blues scale write the natural minor scale, omitting the second and sixth notes then add a note an augmented 4th or diminished 5th above the tonic
octatonic scale
the octatonic scale consists of eight tones arranged by alternating whole steps and half steps. it can either begin on a whole step of a half step. four whole steps and four half steps are used in each scale.
perfect interval
1.4.5.8
major interval
2,3,6,7
inversions of intervals
major goes to minor - minor goes to major - perfects stays perfect - augmented goes to diminished - diminished goes to augmented - # of each interval together adds up to nine
simple triple time 3/16
S w w - never combine two weak beats
simple quadruple time 4/16
S w M w - never combine a weak beat and a medium beat - always combine strong and a weak beat or a medium and a weak beat
compound duple time 6/16
S w w M w w OR can be divided into S w
compound triple time 9/16
beats are usually divided into S w w
compound quadruple time 12/16
beats are usually divided into S w M w
A 3 (triplet) above or below a set of notes
A triplet consists of three notes play in the time of two notes
a 2 (duplet) above or below a set of notes
a duplet is where 2 notes are played in the time of 3 notes
a 4 (quadruplet) above or below a set of notes
a quadruplet is where 4 notes are played in the time of 3 notes. in certain time signatures, 4 notes play be played in the time of 5 notes
a 5 (quintuplet) 6 (sextuplet) or 7 (septuplet) above or below a note
all of these mean that that set of notes will be played in the time of 4 notes
root position
root position of a triad- lowest note is known as the root, middle note is known and the third, top note is known as the 5th
1st inversion
the root moves up one octave
2nd inversion
the root and the third move up one octave
perfect cadence
V, I or V, i
plagal cadence
IV, I or IV, i
imperfect cadence
I, V or IV V, or i V, or iv V
