musculosketetal patho

Question 0

function of osteoblasts

Answer 0

build up bobe

Question 1

function of osteoclasts

Answer 1

chew and destroys bone

-increases calcium levels

Question 2

modeling

Answer 2

converts cartilage to adult bone

takes about 20 years

Question 3

epiphyseal growth plate

Answer 3

allows for growth

Question 4

remodeling

Answer 4

process of bone reabsorption and formation that is coupled or balanced

Question 5

what affects remodeling

Answer 5

nutrition
physical activity
aging
hormone status

Question 6

estrogen role in bone formation

Answer 6

promotes osteoblast activity
closes epiphyseal plate
promotes apoptosis of osteoclasts

Question 7

strain

Answer 7

muscle and tendon

Question 8

sprain

Answer 8

ligament and joint capsule

Question 9

treatment for strains and sprains

Answer 9

RICE
rest 
ice
compression
elevation

Question 10

bursitis

Answer 10

inflammation or fluid buildup

dt increase use or pressure

Question 11

dislocation

Answer 11

completely completed unaligned

• congenital
• traumatic
• pathologic

Question 12

subluxation

Answer 12

partial dislocation

joint still in contact

Question 13

clinical manifestations of fractures

Answer 13

deformity
pain and tenderness
abnormal movement
contusion/ecchymosis
crepitus (rubbing together)
local shock

Question 14

treatment of fractures

Answer 14

splint/ immobilization immediate

Question 15

three objectives for treatment of fractures

Answer 15

reduction
-closed vs open
immobilization
-external vs internal
preservation and restoration of function

Question 16

steps of bone healing

Answer 16

hematoma
fibrocartilaginous callus granulation
bony callus formation - ossification
remodelling

Question 17

hematoma formation

Answer 17

most important
1-2 hematoma
2-5 hematoma
initiates cellular events
7-clotting factors present
release of growth hormones

Question 18

fibrocartagious callus granulation

Answer 18

after day 7 
fibroblasts
-produce collagen
-differentiate into chondrocytes
osteoblasts
-fibrocartilage collar

Question 19

bony calls formation

Answer 19

3-4 weeks

ossification

Question 20

fat embolism syndrome

Answer 20

from the presence of fat droplets in the small blood vessels of the lungs or other organs after lone bone fracture or complication of major trauma

Question 21

clinical manifestations of fat embolism syndrome

Answer 21

3-4 days post injury
subtle change in behavior
respiratory failure
-dyspnea with tachycardia
-pallor and cyanosis
cerebral dysfunction 
sub-sternal chest pain
low grade pain
diaphoresis 
2-3 days non blanchable petechia rash

Question 22

osteomyelitis

Answer 22

ACUTE OR CHRONIC INFECTION OF bone and bone marrow by a parasite, bacteria, virus, or fungus

Question 23

endogenous osteomyelitis

Answer 23

via blood stream
cutaneous, sinus, ear dental infections
children and teens

Question 24

exogenous osteomyelitis

Answer 24

direct penetration or contamination | extension of adjacent site

Question 25

most common bacteria causing osteomyelitis

Answer 25

staphlococcus aureus - adheres to connective tissues - invades and survives in cells (osteoblasts)

Question 26

osteomyelitis pathogenesis

Answer 26

invasion of pathogenen

Question 27

benign bone tumors

Answer 27

limited to bone origin -fibrous tumors -cartilaginous tumors (more of an issue)

Question 28

Malignant bone tumors

Answer 28

metastatic bone CA

Question 29

osteosarcoma

Answer 29

``` 20% of all primary bone tumors bimodal distribution -young -elderly aggressive deep pain-night time wakening tx-chemo/surgery ```

Question 30

chondrosarcoma

Answer 30

``` cartilage tumor slow growing late metastasis often painless tx -radical surgical intervention -resistant to chemo/radiation ```

Question 31

cardinal signs of scoliosis

Answer 31

- one or both shoulder blades protrude - misshaped to rib cage - waist may appear uneven or hips elevated - torso appears to lean

Question 32

treatment guidelines for scoliosis

Answer 32

10 degrees -brace | >40 -surgery

Question 33

intervertebral disk disorder clinical manifestations

Answer 33

sciatic pain

Question 34

red flags of back pain

Answer 34

- gradual onset - pain when laying down - pain when sitting or straight - rapidly evolving neurological deficits * bowel/bladder * impotence * bilateral leg weakness * numb saddle area

Question 35

osteoporosis

Answer 35

metabolic bone disease characterized by decrease in bone density, bone strength, bone matrix and mineralization

Question 36

risk factors for osteoporosis-primary

Answer 36

``` genetic hormone levels-estrogen sedentary life style lack of calcium intake or absorption race body size age ```

Question 37

risk factors for osteoporosis - secondary

Answer 37

endocrine disorders - hyperthyroidism - hyperparathyroidism - DM - cushings - malignancies - ETOH - corticosteroid use - female athlete triad-eating disorder, intense training, amenorrhea=osteoporosis

Question 38

osteoporosis pathogenesis

Answer 38

increase in osteoclasts activity | decrease in osteoblasts activity

Question 39

clinical manifestations

Answer 39

``` silent disorder fractures -vertebrae compression -hips & pelvis loss of height kyphosis ```

Question 40

treatment of osteoporosis

Answer 40

prevention -nutrition activity | current

Question 41

pathogenesis of osteoarthritis-djd

Answer 41

wear and tear

Question 42

clinical manifestations of osteoarthritis-djd

Answer 42

``` joint pain -pain worse with activiy -gelling crepritus-joint locking progressive from a single joint joint enlargement -hardened ```

Question 43

rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 43

chronic autoimmune systemic disease with synovial joint inflammation and destruction

Question 44

what causes rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 44

genetic predisposition immunologically initiated -tcell mediated response to virus / bacteria