Musculoskeletal testing (second half) Flashcards
how do you measure grip endurance ?
using hand dynamometer, record initial force and final force at end of 1 minute
- final force/initial force x 100 = % decline in force production
how is the flexed arm hang scored? proper position?
scored as the # of seconds the participant can support their body weight with the chin over the pull up bar, pronated grip
proper form for wall sit
flat against wall, knees 90 degrees, hands at side
4 static endurance tests
grip endurance, flexed arm hang, wall sit, back endurance,
how do you test static endurance of the trunk
test time to failure,
extension: flat back, trunk extended over bench, lower body secured
lateral flexors: side plank/bridge, torso elevated and supported; hips of floor
what do you do before administering back endurance test
prescreen for LBP
(lower back pain)
- have them lie face down and extend one leg at a time off floor and then one arm and opposite leg at same time
what is the 30 second chair stand test and what does it measure
- how do you score
- measures lower body endurance
- with the chair positioned against wall have client sit in chair with arms crossed across chest, feet flat on floor
- count the # of reps the client can complete in 30s (ROM touch seat–> full extension)
in the seated chair test if more than 1/2 way when the time expires in the last rep what do you do?
count it as a rep, if less than 1/2 the way then dont count
what are the pros of isotonic strength testing (5)
- relatively inexpensive
- accessible- different types of equipment can be used
- easy to learn how to administer most tests
- construct and face validity
- correlates better with sports performance
what are the cons of isotonic strength testing (5)
- cant obtain strength curve - measures weakest point in ROM
- risk of injury if free weights are used
- equipment specific (eg. norm specific)
- can be time consuming
- can be difficult to find 1 RM, involves technique
what are the pros of isometric testing (3)
- norm data easily accesible
- can be used to test a variety of muscle groups
- strong research base
what are the cons fo isometric testing (3)
- only one joint angle can be tested at a time
- does not provide a strength curve
- limited transferability to real life movement
what is the best equipment to use for strength testing
constant resistance machine or free weights
5 points about variale resistance machines (pros and cons)
- difficult to match strength curves of difference muscle groups
- difficult to assess clients actual strength because force is altered throughout ROM
- no spotter required
- dont fit everyone
- more beneficial for training than testing
5 points about constant resistance machines (pros and cons)
- expensive but safe
- limit ROM and plane of movement
- no spotter required
- dont fit everyone
- some have large weight increments
3 points of free weights (pros and cons)
- increase neuromuscular coordination
- allow full ROM
- spotter required
- force plates
- cybex
- WAT
- RM lifts with a speed component
- vertical jump
- margeria
- sprints
- snatches, cleans
- -> all examples of ways to measure what?
power
any test that has a speed component
______ test and _____ are not highly correlated with mechanically measured power
jumping tests, sprints
–> ppl of different weights will have different power (more mass = more power)
the peak capability of a muscle to generate force
muscular power
the maximum rate of ATP utilization using anaerobic (without oxygen) metabolism, per unit of time
anaerobic power
the cunningham and faulkner tests are measures of ?
anaerobic capacity
how do you admin the cunnginham test
- what is its reliability
treadmill 20% grade, 8mph
- measured by seconds to volitional fatigue
- 0.79-0.91 (low is not doing it properly, also a learning effect and comfort effect)
wingate test measures what?
- what is its reliability ?
- what do you set resistance to?
- measures leg power
- 0.89-0.98
- 7.5-10% BW for resistance
- peak (5s and mean (30s) power output
the margaria-kalamen stair sprint test predicts what from what?
- what 3 things are sued to estimate ?
power from amount of time individual sprints up a set of stairs (3 at a time)
- vertical distance travelled, subjects mass, and time
what is the equation for power for the margaria kalamen test
(mass x 9.81 x distance)/time
the vertical jump test can be scored as? (3)
height jumped
power
force
the ability to perform a movement within a short period of time
speed
the ability to rapidly change the position of the entire body in space, with speed and accuracy
agility
- involves braking, changing direction and accelerating again
what do you want sprint tests to be short
so energy system does not get involved
5 things to consider when testing speed and agility
- proper footwear
- non slip surface
- timing is everything
- proper warm up and submaximal practical trials
- start smart and finish strong
how do you administer the 40 yard sprint
- cones on flat surface (deceleration zone as well)
- sprint included warm up and 2 practice trials, sub max intensity
- start behind line, start stop watch on first movement
- 2 trials with 3 mins in between
- compare to norms
what can you calculate from the 40 yd sprint test
power, velocity, or acceleration
T test and illinois are what ?
agility test
4 types of flexibility
static (still), dynamic (moving), passive (someone holding or moving your limb), active (you are moving or holding limb)
4 purposes of flexibility testing
- ensure participant can perform activities with minimal on muscle tendon tissues
- monitor improvements and declines of training
- identify problem areas that may be associated with poor performance or possible risk of injury
- assess the rehab procedure following injury and assist in the suitability of an individual to participate in certain activities
5 general guidelines for flexibility testing
- have client perform general warm up and static stretching
- avoid fast jerky movement and stretching to pain
- administer 3 trials
- compare best score to available norms
- use test results to identify and muscle groups in need of improvement
3 limiting factors affecting flexibility
- there are no valid tests of general flexibility
- flexibility is highly specific to the joint and surrounding tissue
- what structures are most important in reducing resistance ? (i didn’t write this answer)
other limiting factors to flexibility
- warm up
- age
- gender
- inactivity
- body type
- size and strength of opposing muscle group
goniometer takes a ____ measure of flexibility
direct
goniometry can be very reliable and valid if?
proper protocol is followed (technician skill)
intratester and intertester reliability of goniometric measurements affected by?
identification of axis of rotation and palpating bony landmarks
high agreement between ROM measured by ________ and universal ________
radiographs, goniometers
how do you measure with the goniometer
- place the center of the instruments so it coincides with the fulcrum, or axis of rotation, of the joint
- align the arms of the gonioemeter with bony landmarks along the longitudinal axis of each moving body segment
- measure the ROM as the difference between the joint angles and at the extremes of the movement
2 examples linear measurements of flexibility
- sit and reach
2. back scratch test
2 types of indirect measurement of flexibility
visual estimation and linear measurements
the sit and reach test is moderately related to ______ flexibility and poorly related to _______ flexibility
- poor _____ _____ validity and unrelated to self reported _____
hamstring, low back
criterion related , back pain
sit and reach test is to evaluate?
the static flexibility of the lower back and hamstring muscles
the ability to keep the body’s center of gravity within the base of support when maintaining a static posture, performing voluntary movements, or reacting to external disturbances
balance
4 principles of balance
- balance training is emerging ad one of the top 10 exercise trends
- gaining recognition of component of functional fitness
- for seniors, extremely important to maintain independent living status and successful completion of ADLs
- helps prevent falls
______ training is emerging ad one of the top 10 exercise trends
balance
what is a direct measure of balance
force plate
- anterolateral and mediolateral coordinates of the center of pressure are derived
the force plates provides data about ? (3)
- postural sway
- steadiness,
- weight distribution
con of the force plate
Expensive!
what is an indirect measure of balance
1 leg stance
