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Musculoskeletal > Musculoskeletal System Histology > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Histology Flashcards

1
Q

General CT Structure

A

Comprises a diverse group of cells within a tissue specific extracellular matrix
Consists of cells and an ECM
Different types of CT have different functions
Classified based on CT composition and organization of cellular and extracellular components and on function

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2
Q

Embryonic CT

A

Mesenchyme and mucous CT
Embryonic mesenchyme gives rise to various CT of the body
Mesoderm
Found in embryo and within umbilical cord
Wharton’s Jelly

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3
Q

CT Proper

A

Loose CT tissue

Regular/Irregular dense CT

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4
Q

Specialized CT

A 
Cartilage
Bone
Adipose Tissue
Blood hemopoietic tissue
Lymphatic tissue
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5
Q

Mesoderm

A

From embryonic CT

Primitive CT able to form mesenchyme or ectomesenchyme

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6
Q

2 Types CT proper

A

Loose CT

Dense CT

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7
Q

Loose CT

A

Characterized by loosely arranged fibers and abundant cells of various tissue types

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8
Q

Dense CT

A

irregular CT characterized by abundant fibers and few cells

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9
Q

Dense Regular CT

A

ordered and densely packed arrays of fibers and cells

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10
Q

3 Types of CT Fibers

A

Collagen
Reticular
Elastic

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11
Q

Collagen Basic Structure

A

Abundant in CT fibers
68 nm banding pattern
Molecule is triple helix of 3 intertwined polypeptide chains

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12
Q

Collagen Triple Helix

A 
Chains
Every 3rd AA is glycine
Hydroxyproline or hydroxylysine will usually proceed glycine
Glycoprotein
Homotrimeric
Heterotrimeric
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13
Q

Classes of collagen

A 
Fibrillar collagens
Fibril-associated collagens with interrupted triple helixes
Hexagonal network forming collagens
Transmembrane collagens
Multiplexins
Basement membrane forming collagens
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14
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

A 
Type I collagen defect
Repeated fractures after mild trauma
Brittle bones
Abnormal teeth
Think skin
Weak tendons
Blue sclera
Progressive hearing loss
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15
Q

Kniest dysplasia/Achondrogenesis

A 
Type II collagen issue
Short stature
Restricted joint mobility
Ocular changes leading to blindness
Wide metaphyses
Joint abnormality seen in radiographs
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16
Q

Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia

A

MED
Type IX collagen issue
Deformation resulting from impaired endochondral ossification and dysplasia (MED)
Premature degenerative joint disease

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17
Q

Schmidt Metaphysal Chondrodysplasia

A

Collagen type X issue
Skeletal deformations characterized by modifications of the vertebral bodies and chrondrodysplasia metaphyses of long bone

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18
Q

Weissenbacher-Zweymuller Syndrome

A 
Type XI collagen issue
Similar clinical features to type II collagenopatheies in addition to craniofacial and skeletal deformations
Severe myopia
Retinal detachment
Progressive hearing loss
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19
Q

Reticular Fibers

A 
Supporting framework for cellular constituents of various tissues and organs
Composed of type II collagen
Mesh like pattern or network
Boundary of CT and epithelium sites
Produce collagen of reticular fibers
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20
Q

Elastic Fibers

A

Allow tissues to respond to stretch and distension
Elastic property of elastin molecule is related to unusual polypeptide backbone and causes random coiling
Synthesized by fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells

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21
Q

Elastin Polypeptide Backbone

A

Central core of elastin and a surrounding network of fibrillan microfibrils
Desmosine and Isodesmosine
Fibrillin-1-fibrillin microfibrils play major role in organizing elastin fibers
Major extracellular substance in vertebral ligaments, larynx and elastic arteries

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22
Q

Fibroblast

A

Principal cell of ct
Responsible for synthesis of collagen, elastic and reticular fibers
Complex carbs of ground substance

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23
Q

Myofibroblast

A

Elongated, spindly CT consisting of bundles of actin filaments w/associated actin motor proteins
Non-muscular myosin
Basis of mechanotransduction system generated by contraction of intracellular actin bundles transmitted to ECM
Lack basal lamina, different from smooth muscle cells and are located in loose CT
Involved in regulating the shape and emptying of the glands and wound contraction and closure

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24
Q

Macrophages

A

Phagocytic cells derived from monocytes
True histiocytes
Large golgi and RER/SER, mitochondria, secretory vesicles/lysosomes
Irregular shape, rounded nucleus
Antigen-presenting cells using MHC II molecules to present antigens for CD4 lymphocytes
Can form Langerhans cells (foreign body giant cells) by fusion

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25
Q

Mast Cells

A

Not present in CT
Surround small blood vessels in brain/SC (meninges)
Develop in bone marrow/differentiation in CT
Large rounded cell, spherical nucleus/basophil granules
Anaphylactic reactions, binds antiboides to mast cells
Release contents once bound (histamine SRS-A–>Vasodilation/edema)

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26
Q

Mast Cell Granule contents

A

Heparan sulphate
Heparin-blocks coagulation, responsible for basophilia
Histamine
Eosinophil chemotactic factor ECF and Neutrophil chemotactic factor attracts these cells
Leukotrientes, tryptase, chymase, TNF-a, IL 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 16 and PGF2) inflammatory response

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27
Q

Cartilage

A

Form of CT composed of cells called chondrocytes and highly specialized EC matrix
Avascular tissue 95% consists of ECM
Areas of weight bearing and movement
Firm matrix, lot’s of GAGs and hyaluronic acid
3 subtypes

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28
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A 
Type II collagen fibers
GAGs
Proteoglycans
Multi-adhesive proteins 
Fetal skeletal tissue, epiphyseal plates
Resists compression, foundation for skeleton
Perichondrium
Calcification
Chondroblasts and chondrocytes
Limited growth and repair
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29
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A 
Elastic fibers and elastic lamellae in addition to matrix material of hyaline cartilage (brown)
Ex. pinna of ear
Provide support
Perichondrium
No calcification
Chondroblasts and chondrocytes present
Type II collagen
Interstitial and appositional growth
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30
Q

Fibrous Cartilage

A 
Type I collagen/ Type II Collagen
Matrix material of hyaline cartilage (pink)
IV discs
Resists deformation under stress
No perichondrium
Calcification occurs
Chondrocytes and fibroblasts
Interstitial and appositional growth, limited repair ability
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31
Q

Chondrocyte

A

Large rounded chondrocyte cell produce matrix
Light cytoplasm and a small nucleus
Were chondroblasts
Now completely surrounded by matrix

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32
Q

Chondroblasts

A

Chondroblasts-found in growing cartilage
Do not aggregate into clumps and secrete matrix
Secrete cartilage matrix
Turn into chondrocytes and get completely surrounded by matrix

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33
Q

Cartilage Growth

A

Arises from mesenchyme during chondrogenesis

Mesenchymal cell aggregation, induced by chondroblasts

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34
Q

Appositional Growth

A 
chondroblasts formed in inner layer of perichondrium (produce type I collagen)
Produce matrix (type II collagen)
Turn to chondrocytes (new cartilage AT surface of existing cartilage)
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35
Q

Interstitial Growth

A

Division of chondrocytes within lacunae

Isogenous groups form new cartilage within cartilage mass

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36
Q

Limited Repair

A

Avascular tissue dependent on perichondrium

Hyaline cartilage often calcifies (replaced by bone)

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37
Q

Bone ECM

A

Hydroxyapatite crystals form mineral of bone
Collagen type I
Glycoproteins (osteocalcin, osteonectin, osteopontin)

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38
Q

Bone Cells

A

Osteocyte (in lacunae)
Osteoblasts
Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteocytes

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39
Q

Bone Function

A

Support
Protection
Storage site for Ca2+/Phosphate

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40
Q

Compact Bone

A

Shaft and spongy bone

Epiphysis forming trabeculae

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41
Q

Haversion Lamellae

A

Concentrical lamellae surround haversion canal forming cylindrical units called osteon/Habversion systems
Contains vessels and nerves-connected by Volkman’s canal
Lacunae between lamellae with osteocytes
Canaliculi penetrate lamellae with osteocytic processes

42
Q

Interstitial Lamellae

A

Between osteon space and filled with old haversion systems

43
Q

Outer circumferential Lamellae

A

Lining outer surface of bone under peristeum

44
Q

Inner circumferential lamellae

A

lining under surface of bone under endosteum

45
Q

Volkmann’s Channels

A

Provide major route of entry for vessels to pass through compact bone

46
Q

Immature Bone

A

skeleton of fetus
Adult alveolar sockets/tendon attachments
Non-lamellar woven bone w/interlacing collagen fibers
More cell rich than mature bone
Randomly arranged cells
Matrix less mineralized and more ground substance than mature bone staining more basophilic

47
Q

Osteoprogenitor Cells

A

Derived from mesenchymal stem cells and flattened cells
Look like fibroblasts
Resting cell can differentiate into osteoblast and secrete bone matrix
Basophilic cytoplasm
Inner layer of peristeum, endosteum, line of haversion/Volkmann’s canals
Capable to divide/differentiate osteoblasts
Appositional bone formation

48
Q

Osteoblast

A 
Secretory cells, division capable
Type I collagen
Ground substances
Form unmineralized bone
Surrounded by osteoid
Basophilic cytoplasm
Single cuboidal cell layer on surface of growing bone
Calcification process initiators
Contain alkaline phosphatase
49
Q

Osteocytes

A 
Maintains matrix 
Death of osteocyte forms bone resorption
Elongated cells
Multiple processes
Inactive-few organelles
Formative-RER
Resorptive-lysosomes
50
Q

Bone lining cells

A

From osteoblasts
Cover bone
Not remodeling
Communicate with gap junctions
Periosteal cells: line external bone surfaces
Endosteal cells: line internal bone surfaces
Maintenance, nutritional support of osteocytes embedded in underlying bone matrix and regulate movement of Ca2+ and phosphate into/out of bone

51
Q

Osteoclast

A

Responsible for bone reabsorption
Large multinucleated acidophilic cells do bone resorption
From monocytes
Nuclei on side of cells
Surface contacts bone, forms membrane infoldings
Rests in resorption bay (Howship’s Lacuna)
Decalcifies underlying bone
Releases lysosomal hydrolases that digest organic components
PTH increases osteoclast activity, calcitonin decreases it

52
Q

Intramembraneous Ossification

A

Mesenchymal cells aggregate and turn into osteoblasts
Osteoblasts secrete osteoid, mineralizes it, encloses themselves into lacuane and makes osteocytes
Ossification occurs in embryo skull bone, fractures at broken ends
Mandible formation
Appositional growth w/osteoprogenitor cells

53
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Starts with hyaline cartilage model of bone
Perichondrium forms a bony collar around cartilage model (appositional growth–>periosteum)
Primary ossification center
Chondrocytes in middle of model become hypertrophic
Secrete alkaline phosphatase, surrounding matrix undergoes calcification
Calcified matrix inhibits diffusion of nutrients-death from suicidal cells
Death of chondrocytes-matrix breaks down forms cavity
Osteoblasts build up bone
2ndary ossification centers, capillary loops into epihpysis
Forms epiphyseal plate towards the opposite directions lengthening bone

54
Q

Layers of Epiphyseal cartilage

A
  1. Zone of reserve cartilage
  2. Zone of proliferation-cartilage cells in rows
  3. Zone of hypertrophy
  4. Zone of calcified cartilage
  5. Zone of resorption (resorption of dead chondrocytes)
55
Q

Epiphyseal Cartilage Growth

A

Bone increases in diameter with appositional growth (periosteum)
Osteoclasts continuously remodel the bone

56
Q

Periosteum

A

Perichondrial cells that do not give rise to chondrocytes in midregion of cartilage in developing bone
CT tissue that is no longer functionally a perichondrium and has a new role
Contains osteogenic layer of osteoblasts

57
Q

Perichondrium

A

Dense CT composed of cells that indistinguishable from fibroblasts
Source of new cartilage cells

58
Q

Locations for bone remodeling

A

ECM of bone, cartilage and in dentinum, cementum and enamel of teeth
Matrices of ALL except enamel have collagen fibrils and ground substances

59
Q

Matrix Vesicel Secretion

A

Local concentrations of Ca2+ and PO4 ions in matrix must exceed normal threshold level

60
Q

Osteocalcin

A

ALP/Alkaline phosphatase increases local concentration of PO4 ions and is stimulated by high levels of Ca2+ which is than able to increase Ca2+ (positive feedback)

61
Q

Crystallization of CaPO4

A

Osteoblasts release small matrix vesicles into bony matrix and contain ALP and pyrophosphotase causing cleaving of PO4 ions which then causes crystalization of CaPO4 b/c cleavage of PO4 = increase of local isoelectric point

62
Q

CaPO4 Crystals

A

Initiate matrix mineralization by formation/deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 into the matrix surrounding the osteoblasts

63
Q

Metabolic Function of Bone

A

Reservoir for body Ca2+
PTH hormone
Calcitonin

64
Q

PTH

A

Raises low blood Ca2+ levels to normal
Stimulates both osteocytes/osteoclasts to resorb bone allowing release of Ca2+ into the blood
Acts on Kidney to excrete excess phosphate and reduce excretion of calcium

65
Q

Calcitonin

A

Secreted by PTH and lowers elevated blood Ca2+ levels to normal
Inhibits bone resorption and inhibits effects of PTH on osteoclasts

66
Q

Bone Repair

A
  1. Fracture
  2. Neutrophils/Macrophages accumulate
  3. Fibroblasts/Capillary Proliferation
  4. Granulation tissue
  5. Tissue becomes denser w/cartilage
  6. Dense CT and cartilage grow covering bone at fx site formation
  7. Osteoprogenitor cells divide
  8. Osteoblasts that deposit new bone progresses toward fx site
  9. Deposit new bone in callus
  10. Bony callus
  11. Cartilage calcifies
  12. Endosteal proliferation/differentiation occurs in marrow cavity and medullar bone grows from both ends of fracture towards center
  13. Spongy bone is formed
  14. Compact bone
  15. Bony callus removed by osteoclasts and remodeling to restore original shape
    6-12 week process
67
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Multinucleated syncytium and each muscle cell is called a muscle fiber
Multinucleated skeletal muscle cell

68
Q

Myoblasts

A

Individual muscle cells fuse to form muscle fiber

69
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane of muscle cell

External laminda and surrounded by reticular lamina

70
Q

Endomysium

A

Reticular fibers that immediately surround individual muscle fibers

71
Q

Perimysium

A

Thicker CT that surrounds group of fibers

Forms a bundle or fascilcle

72
Q

Epiysium

A

Sheath of dense CT surrounding a collection of fascicles

73
Q

Type I

A

Slow oxidative fibers
Red with lots of mitochondria and lots of myoglobin
Resist fatigue but generate less tension

74
Q

Type IIa

A

Fast oxidative glycolytic fibers
Intermediate fibers
MEdium size
Lots of mitochondria
High myoglobin content and lots of glycogen and can undergo anaerobic glycolysis
Fast twitch, fatigue resistant motor units seen in sprinters

75
Q

Type IIb Fibers

A

Fast glycolytic
Large fibers are light pink and have less myoglobin and few mitochondria compared to other types
High anaerobic enzyme activity and are fast twitch
Fatigue prone fibers
High muscle tension
Rapid contraction, prescise fine movements, digits and extraocular
Short distance sprinters and weight lifters

76
Q

Myofibril

A

Muscle fiber longitduinally arrayed structural subunits
Bundles of myofilaments
Idividual filamentous polymers composed of myosin II (thick filaments) and actin
Contractile element striated muscle
Surrounded by sER

77
Q

A Band

A

Myosin Thick filaments

78
Q

Z line

A

Myosin Thin filaments

Extend to A band and edge of H-zone

79
Q

I-Band

A

Only filaments run from end of thick filament to next thick filament

80
Q

Z-Disc

A

Anchors thin filaments of adjacent sarcomeres

81
Q

Thin filaments

A

F-actin
Tropomyosin
Troponin

82
Q

Troponin

A

3 globular proteins
Troponin C-Binds Ca2+
Troponin T-tropomyosin and Troponin I binds to actin inhibiting actin/myosin interactions

83
Q

Titin

A

Forms elastic lattice that anchors thick filaments in the Z lines and prevents excessive stretching by having spring like elements

84
Q

A-actinin

A

Short bipolar rod that bundles thin filaments into parallel arrays and anchors them to Z-line

85
Q

Nebulin

A

Elongated
Inelastic protein attached to Z-lines
Runs parallel to thin filaments to help anchor them

86
Q

Tropomodulin

A

Small acting binding protein attached to free portion of thin filament
Maintains/regulates length of sarcomere actin filament

87
Q

Desmin

A

Intermediate filament that forms a lattice surrounds sarcomere at Z-lines attaching them to one another and to plasma membrane

88
Q

Myomesin

A

Myosin-binding protein that holds thick filaments in register @M-line

89
Q

C Protein

A

Myosin-binding protein that does same thing as myomesin

90
Q

Dystrophin

A

Large protein thought to link laminin which resides in external lamina of muscle cell to actin filaments (anchors muscle fiber)

91
Q

Sarcomere Contraction

A

Sarcomere becomes shorter but thicker

Myofilaments remain same length

92
Q

NMJ

A

Motor end plate and NT at presynaptic terminal is ACh
Release ACh into synaptic cleft initiates depolarization of PM
Folds and cholinergic receptors only in plasma membrane bordering the cleft @ the top of folds
Bind nicotinic receptors (ligand-gated Na+ channel) on sarcolemma

93
Q

Motor Unit

A

Neuron along with specific muscle fibers that it innervates and can innervate several to hundred muscle fibers

94
Q

What happens when Nerve Supply is Disrupted?

A

Tissue can atrophy so nerve supply is important to normal muscle shape/strength

95
Q

Skeletal Muscle Innervation

A

Encapsulated sensory receptors in muscles/tendons

Proprioreceptors provide info about degree of stretching/tension in muscle

96
Q

Muscle Spindle

A

Stretch receptor found in skeletal muscle
Spindle cells/neuron terminals surrounded by internal capsule
Muscle spindle transmits info about degree of stretching in a muscle fiber/length

97
Q

Sensory 1A

A

Carry info from muscle spindle to CNS

98
Q

Gamma Motor Efferent

A

From brain/SC
Innervates spindle cells and regulates sensitivity of stretch receptor by keeping intrafusal fibers taught in muscle spindle so it can sense stretch

99
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

Tendons of muscle and responds to increased stretch

100
Q

Sensory afferent Ib nerve fibers

A

monitors muscle tension/force of contraction w/in optimal range

Musculoskeletal (7 decks)

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