musculoskeletal system and excretory system

Question 1

what 2 systems does the musculoskeletal system consist of

Answer 1

muscular system

skeletal system

Question 2

what 3 properties do the 3 muscles exhibit

Answer 2

elasticity

contractability

extensibility

Question 3

what happens to connective tissue as we age

Answer 3

the amount of connective tissue increases with age, the muscle is tougher and decreases its strength

Question 4

inside the ____ are thread-like _____ which lie parallel to each other + run the length of the ____. a ____ network called the _____ reticulum surrounds the myofibrils, inside the sarcoplasm. these store ____ ions, which are released during muscle ____.

Answer 4

1. sarcoplasm

2. myofibrils
3. fibre
4. tubular
5. sarcoplasmic
6. calcium
7. contraction

Question 5

describe muscle cells

Answer 5

an elongated cylinder with many nuclei

thin transparent plasma membrane (sarcolemma) containing cytoplasm (sarcoplasm) surrounds the cells

each muscle cell is 10-100 in diameter and varies in length

Question 6

a sheath of ___ surrounds each bundle (___ ) so it can function as an ___ unit. also allows adjacent bundles to ___ over each other as they ___. sheaths of ___ (epimysium) hold each ___ together

the ____ sheath of each ___ ___ together and taper at the end of the muscle to form the ___.

Answer 6

1. connective tissue

2. perimysium
3. individual
4. slide
5. contract
6. connective tissue
7. bundle
8. connective
9. unit
10. combine
11. tendon

Question 7

what are 3 muscle types and give a description of each of them

Answer 7

smooth - line and make up internal organs, allows involuntary movement

cardiac - reduces space in the heart chambers, pushing blood from the heart into vessels

skeletal - attached to bones, moves the bones, enables us to move voluntarily, gives the body its form/shape

Question 8

why do muscles need to act in pairs

Answer 8

muscles can only contract, so it can only pull bones together, not push them apart

Question 9

in the middle of the thin actin filament are proteins called ____

the length of a thick myosin filament is an __.

the section in the middle, where there’s no overlap/only myosin is called the __

the space between thick myosin filaments is the ___ (only actin)

Answer 9

1. z-lines

2. a-bands
3. h-zone
4. I-band

Question 10

what are the myofibrils made up of and what 2 types of that are there

Answer 10

- myofilaments

• myosin
• actin

Question 11

when muscles contract what happens to the sarcomeres

Answer 11

they shorten
this occurs because actin and myosin filaments slide over one another

Question 12

what happens to the myofilaments when the myofibrils shorten, what causes this to happen

Answer 12

when a muscle fibre is supplied with sufficient energy and is activated by a nerve impulse, these myofilaments slide past each other so that te myofibrils shortened

Question 13

what are sarcomeres

Answer 13

the distance between the 2 z-lines

Question 14

describe the process of the sliding filament model

Answer 14

thin actin filaments slide over thick myosin filaments
z-line gets closer together
sarcomeres shorted, shortens muscles fibre, shorten the wide muscle
myofilaments stay same length , they just overlap

Question 15

how do muscle pairs work

Question 16

describe the axial and appendicular skeleton

Question 17

what are the 5 functions of the skeleton, and state what they all do

Question 18

what are the5 types of bone and describe them

Question 19

what are agonists/prime movers, antagonists and synergists

Question 20

what are antagonists

Question 21

what 2 sections are the skeleton divided into

Question 22

what are articulation

Question 23

describe what a fixator is and some of its roles

Question 24

describe what is meant by the origin, insertions and belly