Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

What is the locomotion system?

Answer 1

(musculo-skeletal system) bones, joints, ligaments, muscles and tendons that work together to enable movement

Question 2

What is the role of motor and sensory neurones in the MSS?

Answer 2

MSS is under the control of nervous system.

• Motor nerves control movement
• Sensory nerves control body position

Question 3

What does the appendicular skeleton contain?

Answer 3

Clavicle and scapula
Upper limbs
Lower limbs
Pelvis

Question 4

What does the axial skeleton contain?

Answer 4

Skull
Spine
Ribs
Sternum

Question 5

What is the structure of bone?

Answer 5

Covered in dense connective tissue called periosteum
Highly developed in children
Contains osteoblasts that produce new bone cells and are responsible for bone growth and repair
Contain sensory nerves that can transmit pain signals

Question 6

What is contained in the bone?

Answer 6

25% water
30% organic materials
45% inorganic salt
Minerals include calcium and phosphate
Approximately 1kg of calcium and phosphate in adults. These are needed to make bone tissue strong
Minerals can be released back into blood to maintain normal blood levels which is very important for homeostasis

Question 7

What are the layers of the bone?

Answer 7

Compact (dense outer layer; appears solid to the naked eye)

Cancellous (inner layer; appears spongy to the naked eye; contains red bone marrow)

Question 8

What are the types of bone cells?

Answer 8

Osteogenic cell- stem cell
Osteoblast- matrix synthesising cell responsible for bone growth, found at edge of bone (builds)
Osteocyte- mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix within lacunae (bone; trapped osteoblasts)
Oesteoclast- bone- reabsorbing cell (breaks down)

Question 9

What are the types of bones?

Answer 9

Long bone
Short bone
Flat bone
Irregular bone

Question 10

Describe the properties of long bones

Answer 10

Long central shaft contains yellow bone marrow
Expanded end portion called the epiphysis, contains red bone marrow
Examples: femur, ulna, radius

Question 11

Describe the properties of short bones

Answer 11

Often rectangular or square shaped

Examples: wrist, ankle

Question 12

Describe the properties of flat bones

Answer 12

Shaped like curved plates

Examples: sternum, ribs, cranium

Question 13

Describe the properties of irregular bones

Answer 13

Have complex irregular shape

Examples: vertebrae, skull

Question 14

Describe the properties of the spine

Answer 14

Formed of vertebrae
They allow some movement which is limited
Protect the spinal cord

Question 15

Describe the regions of the spine

Answer 15

7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
sacrum (5 bones) and coccyx (4 bones) are fused

Question 16

What are the functions of bone?

Answer 16

Provides a hard framework that supports the body
Protects soft internal organs
Stores minerals (calcium and phosphate)
Produces blood cells (haemopoietic tissue in red bone marrow)
Stores fat (in yellow bone marrow)

Question 17

What are the types of joint?

Answer 17

Cartilaginous joints (first rib, vertebrae, pubis)
Fibrous joint (skull)
Synovial joints (shoulder, elbow, carpals, tibia/fibula)

Question 18

Describe the properties of cartilaginous joints

Answer 18

Connected by cartilage

Allows slight movement between bones e.g. spinal column

Question 19

Describe the properties of fibrous joints

Answer 19

Fibrous connective tissues join the articulating surfaces of bones, binding them together
Joints become fixed, no movement possible, e.g. the skull

Question 20

Describe the properties of synovial joints

Answer 20

These have a synovial membrane
Produces and secretes synovial fluid; lubricates and nourishes the joint
Allows movement
Named according to type of movement
Includes: ball and socket joints; hinge joint

Question 21

What are ball and socket joints?

Answer 21

‘Ball’ of long bone sits within a socket
Allows a full range of movement
Examples: hip and shoulder

Question 22

What are hinge joints?

Answer 22

Flexion and extension
Acts like a door hinge
Examples: knee and elbow

Question 23

What are ligaments?

Answer 23

Strong cords of fibrous tissue found at the joint
Support joints binding bones together while still allowing movement of bone at the joint
Attached to bone

Question 24

What are tendons?

Answer 24

Structures that attach skeletal muscle to bone
Muscles enable movement by contracting, they pull bone
Muscles have to be very firmly attached (muscles shorten when stimulated so they can only pull)

Question 25

How do muscles work?

Answer 25

Muscles work by contracting; each muscle cell can shorten (this means muscles can only bone, they never push)
The muscle becomes shorter and thicker when contracting; when they relax they return to original shape
They are stimulated by motor nerves

Question 26

What response do motor neurones elicit in muscles?

Answer 26

voluntary e.g. skeletal

involuntary e.g. gastrointestinal system and blood vessels

Question 27

What are the types of muscle?

Answer 27

Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle cell
Smooth muscle cell

Question 28

Describe the properties of cardiac muscle

Answer 28

Muscle of the heart (myocardium)
Short branching, striated cells
Regulated by the conducting system of the heart and hormones

Question 29

Describe the properties of skeletal muscle

Answer 29

Enable movement
Contract when required
Striped in appearance
Muscle fibres arranged in bundles which are thicker in the middle

Question 30

Describe the properties of smooth muscle

Answer 30

Involuntary
Found in the walls of hollow visceral organs
Contraction regulates movement of contents of that structure, e.g. peristalsis or vasoconstriction

Question 31

What are the characteristics of muscle?

Answer 31

Excitability: able to receive and respond to stimuli (e.g. nerves or hormones)
Contractility: able to shorten and thicken
Extensibility: able to stretch
Elasticity: able to return to original shape after contraction or extension

Question 32

What are the types of fracture?

Answer 32

Transverse
Linear
Oblique (displaced or non-displaced)
Spiral
Greenstick
Comminuted

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Question 33

What are the stages of bone healing?

Answer 33

Inflammation
Soft callus
Hard callus
Remodelling