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Biosciences 2 > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the locomotion system?

A

(musculo-skeletal system) bones, joints, ligaments, muscles and tendons that work together to enable movement

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2
Q

What is the role of motor and sensory neurones in the MSS?

A

MSS is under the control of nervous system.

  • Motor nerves control movement
  • Sensory nerves control body position
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3
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton contain?

A

Clavicle and scapula
Upper limbs
Lower limbs
Pelvis

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4
Q

What does the axial skeleton contain?

A

Skull
Spine
Ribs
Sternum

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5
Q

What is the structure of bone?

A

Covered in dense connective tissue called periosteum
Highly developed in children
Contains osteoblasts that produce new bone cells and are responsible for bone growth and repair
Contain sensory nerves that can transmit pain signals

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6
Q

What is contained in the bone?

A

25% water
30% organic materials
45% inorganic salt
Minerals include calcium and phosphate
Approximately 1kg of calcium and phosphate in adults. These are needed to make bone tissue strong
Minerals can be released back into blood to maintain normal blood levels which is very important for homeostasis

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7
Q

What are the layers of the bone?

A

Compact (dense outer layer; appears solid to the naked eye)

Cancellous (inner layer; appears spongy to the naked eye; contains red bone marrow)

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8
Q

What are the types of bone cells?

A

Osteogenic cell- stem cell
Osteoblast- matrix synthesising cell responsible for bone growth, found at edge of bone (builds)
Osteocyte- mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix within lacunae (bone; trapped osteoblasts)
Oesteoclast- bone- reabsorbing cell (breaks down)

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9
Q

What are the types of bones?

A

Long bone
Short bone
Flat bone
Irregular bone

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10
Q

Describe the properties of long bones

A

Long central shaft contains yellow bone marrow
Expanded end portion called the epiphysis, contains red bone marrow
Examples: femur, ulna, radius

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11
Q

Describe the properties of short bones

A

Often rectangular or square shaped

Examples: wrist, ankle

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12
Q

Describe the properties of flat bones

A

Shaped like curved plates

Examples: sternum, ribs, cranium

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13
Q

Describe the properties of irregular bones

A

Have complex irregular shape

Examples: vertebrae, skull

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14
Q

Describe the properties of the spine

A

Formed of vertebrae
They allow some movement which is limited
Protect the spinal cord

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15
Q

Describe the regions of the spine

A

7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
sacrum (5 bones) and coccyx (4 bones) are fused

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16
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A

Provides a hard framework that supports the body
Protects soft internal organs
Stores minerals (calcium and phosphate)
Produces blood cells (haemopoietic tissue in red bone marrow)
Stores fat (in yellow bone marrow)

17
Q

What are the types of joint?

A 
Cartilaginous joints (first rib, vertebrae, pubis)
Fibrous joint (skull)
Synovial joints (shoulder, elbow, carpals, tibia/fibula)
18
Q

Describe the properties of cartilaginous joints

A

Connected by cartilage

Allows slight movement between bones e.g. spinal column

19
Q

Describe the properties of fibrous joints

A

Fibrous connective tissues join the articulating surfaces of bones, binding them together
Joints become fixed, no movement possible, e.g. the skull

20
Q

Describe the properties of synovial joints

A

These have a synovial membrane
Produces and secretes synovial fluid; lubricates and nourishes the joint
Allows movement
Named according to type of movement
Includes: ball and socket joints; hinge joint

21
Q

What are ball and socket joints?

A

‘Ball’ of long bone sits within a socket
Allows a full range of movement
Examples: hip and shoulder

22
Q

What are hinge joints?

A

Flexion and extension
Acts like a door hinge
Examples: knee and elbow

23
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Strong cords of fibrous tissue found at the joint
Support joints binding bones together while still allowing movement of bone at the joint
Attached to bone

24
Q

What are tendons?

A

Structures that attach skeletal muscle to bone
Muscles enable movement by contracting, they pull bone
Muscles have to be very firmly attached (muscles shorten when stimulated so they can only pull)

25
Q

How do muscles work?

A

Muscles work by contracting; each muscle cell can shorten (this means muscles can only bone, they never push)
The muscle becomes shorter and thicker when contracting; when they relax they return to original shape
They are stimulated by motor nerves

26
Q

What response do motor neurones elicit in muscles?

A

voluntary e.g. skeletal

involuntary e.g. gastrointestinal system and blood vessels

27
Q

What are the types of muscle?

A

Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle cell
Smooth muscle cell

28
Q

Describe the properties of cardiac muscle

A

Muscle of the heart (myocardium)
Short branching, striated cells
Regulated by the conducting system of the heart and hormones

29
Q

Describe the properties of skeletal muscle

A

Enable movement
Contract when required
Striped in appearance
Muscle fibres arranged in bundles which are thicker in the middle

30
Q

Describe the properties of smooth muscle

A

Involuntary
Found in the walls of hollow visceral organs
Contraction regulates movement of contents of that structure, e.g. peristalsis or vasoconstriction

31
Q

What are the characteristics of muscle?

A

Excitability: able to receive and respond to stimuli (e.g. nerves or hormones)
Contractility: able to shorten and thicken
Extensibility: able to stretch
Elasticity: able to return to original shape after contraction or extension

32
Q

What are the types of fracture?

A 
Transverse
Linear
Oblique (displaced or non-displaced)
Spiral
Greenstick
Comminuted

Top Lifeguards Only Swim Going Commando

33
Q

What are the stages of bone healing?

A

Inflammation
Soft callus
Hard callus
Remodelling

Biosciences 2 (5 decks)

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