Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
What is the musculoskeletal system also known as?
Locomotion system
What is the musculoskeletal system made up of?
Bones, joints, ligaments, muscles and tendons
Function of the musculoskeletal system?
Bones, joints, ligaments, muscles and tendons work together to enable movement, under the control of the nervous system.
What nerves are movement controlled by?
Motor nerves.
Features of bones:
Living tissue
Good blood supply
Functions of the skeleton:
Provides an internal framework for the body
Protects internal organs
Anchors skeletal muscles so movement can occur when muscles contract.
What bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
Clavicle and scapular
Upper limbs
Lower limbs
Pelvis
What bones are in the axial skeleton?
Skull
Spine
Ribs
Sternum
Where are bones discovered?
In deep connective tissue called periosteum.
What cells do bones contain and what do they do?
Osteoblasts produce new bone cells and are responsible for bone growth and repair.
What nerves do bones contain?
Sensory nerves to transmit pain signals
Bones contain:
25% water
30% organic materials
45% inorganic salts
3 layers of bone tissue:
Periosteum
Compact bone
Cancellous (spongy) bone
Describe compact bone:
Dense outer layer
Appears solid to the naked eye
Describe cancellous (spongy) bone:
Appears spongy to the naked eye
Contains red bone marrow
Types of bone cells:
Osteogenic cell, Osteoblast, Osteocyte and Osteoclast.
What type of cell is an osteogenic cell?
Stem cell
Describe osteoblasts:
Matrix - synthesising cells responsible for bone growth, found at the edge of bone.
Describe osteocytes:
Mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix with lacunae.
Describe osteoclasts:
Bone-reabsorbing cell.
4 types of bone:
Long bone, Short bone, Flat bone, Irregular bone.
Example of long bone:
Humerus
Example of short bone:
The carpals in wrist
The tarsals in the ankles
Examples of flat bone:
Parietal bone of skull
Examples of irregular bone:
Vertebrae of the spine
Describe long bones:
Long central shaft contains yellow bone marrow. Expanded end portion called epiphysis, which contains red bone marrow.
Eg: femur, ulna, radius.
Describe irregular bones:
Have complex, irregular shape
Example: vertebrae
Describe flat bones:
Shaped like cured plates
Eg: sternum, ribs and skull
Describe short bones:
Often rectangular/square shaped
Eg: wrist, ankle
Functions of bone:
Provides a hard framework that supports the body
Protects the internal organs
Allows movement
Stores minerals - calcium and phosphate
Produces blood cells - haemopoietic tissue in red bone marrow
Stores fat - in yellow bone marrow
Describe the spine:
The spinal column is formed of vertebrae
Vertebrae protect the spinal cord
Regions of the spine:
Cranium 7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae 5 sacrum bones 4 coccyx bones
Types of joints:
Fibrous joints, Cartilaginous joints and Synovial joints
Describe fibrous joints:
Bones connected by fibrous tissue
Joints are fixed, no movement possible
Eg: skull
Describe cartilaginous joints:
Bones connected by cartilage
Joints are slightly moveable
Eg: first rib, vertebrae, pubis
Describe synovial joints:
Presence of synovial fluid within synovial membrane
- produces and secretes synovial fluid
- fluid lubricates and nourishes the joint
They are freely moveable
Types of synovial joints:
Ball and socket joints, hinge joints, plane (gliding) joints, pivot joints, candyloid joints and saddle joints.
Describe ball and socket joints:
The head of one bone is ball-shaped which works with a cup-shaped socket of another. Eg: hip and shoulder.
Describe hinge joints:
The ends of two bones fit together like a hinge using flexion and extension for movement. Eg: knee, ankle and joints between the phalanges of fingers and toes.
What are ligaments?
Strong cords of fibrous tissue found at the joint.
What do ligaments do?
They support joints binding bones together while still allowing movement of bone at the joint.
How do ligaments attach?
Bone to bone
How do tendons attach?
Skeletal muscle to bone
How do tendons function?
Muscles enable movement by contracting, which stretches tendons, pulling bone.
How do muscles work?
Muscles work by contracting, each muscle cell shortens.
Two main categories of muscle:
Voluntary - skeletal muscle
Involuntary - smooth muscle and gastrointestinal muscle
3 types of muscle:
Skeletal muscle, Cardiac muscle and Smooth muscle
Describe skeletal muscle:
Enable movement
Contract when required
Striped in appearance
Muscle fibres arranged in bundles which are thicker in the middle
Describe cardiac muscle:
Muscle of the heart (myocardium)
Short branching, striated cells
Regulated by heart conduction and hormones
Describe smooth muscle:
Involuntary
Found in the walls of GI tract organs
Contraction regulates movement of the structure’s contents, eg: peristalsis or vasoconstriction
Characteristics of muscles:
Excitability - able to receive and respond to stimuli, eg, nerves or hormones
Contractibility - able to shorten and thicken
Extensibility - able to stretch
Elasticity - able to return to original shape contraction or extension
Types of bone fracture:
Transverse, Linear, Oblique, Spiral, Greenstick and Comminuted
Bone fracture healing stages:
Inflammation, Soft Callus, Hard Callus, Remodelling.
