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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the musculoskeletal system also known as?

A

Locomotion system

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2
Q

What is the musculoskeletal system made up of?

A

Bones, joints, ligaments, muscles and tendons

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3
Q

Function of the musculoskeletal system?

A

Bones, joints, ligaments, muscles and tendons work together to enable movement, under the control of the nervous system.

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4
Q

What nerves are movement controlled by?

A

Motor nerves.

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5
Q

Features of bones:

A

Living tissue

Good blood supply

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6
Q

Functions of the skeleton:

A

Provides an internal framework for the body
Protects internal organs
Anchors skeletal muscles so movement can occur when muscles contract.

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7
Q

What bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

Clavicle and scapular
Upper limbs
Lower limbs
Pelvis

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8
Q

What bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

Skull
Spine
Ribs
Sternum

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9
Q

Where are bones discovered?

A

In deep connective tissue called periosteum.

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10
Q

What cells do bones contain and what do they do?

A

Osteoblasts produce new bone cells and are responsible for bone growth and repair.

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11
Q

What nerves do bones contain?

A

Sensory nerves to transmit pain signals

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12
Q

Bones contain:

A

25% water
30% organic materials
45% inorganic salts

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13
Q

3 layers of bone tissue:

A

Periosteum
Compact bone
Cancellous (spongy) bone

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14
Q

Describe compact bone:

A

Dense outer layer

Appears solid to the naked eye

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15
Q

Describe cancellous (spongy) bone:

A

Appears spongy to the naked eye

Contains red bone marrow

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16
Q

Types of bone cells:

A

Osteogenic cell, Osteoblast, Osteocyte and Osteoclast.

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17
Q

What type of cell is an osteogenic cell?

A

Stem cell

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18
Q

Describe osteoblasts:

A

Matrix - synthesising cells responsible for bone growth, found at the edge of bone.

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19
Q

Describe osteocytes:

A

Mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix with lacunae.

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20
Q

Describe osteoclasts:

A

Bone-reabsorbing cell.

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21
Q

4 types of bone:

A

Long bone, Short bone, Flat bone, Irregular bone.

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22
Q

Example of long bone:

A

Humerus

23
Q

Example of short bone:

A

The carpals in wrist

The tarsals in the ankles

24
Q

Examples of flat bone:

A

Parietal bone of skull

25
Q

Examples of irregular bone:

A

Vertebrae of the spine

26
Q

Describe long bones:

A

Long central shaft contains yellow bone marrow. Expanded end portion called epiphysis, which contains red bone marrow.
Eg: femur, ulna, radius.

27
Q

Describe irregular bones:

A

Have complex, irregular shape

Example: vertebrae

28
Q

Describe flat bones:

A

Shaped like cured plates

Eg: sternum, ribs and skull

29
Q

Describe short bones:

A

Often rectangular/square shaped

Eg: wrist, ankle

30
Q

Functions of bone:

A

Provides a hard framework that supports the body
Protects the internal organs
Allows movement
Stores minerals - calcium and phosphate
Produces blood cells - haemopoietic tissue in red bone marrow
Stores fat - in yellow bone marrow

31
Q

Describe the spine:

A

The spinal column is formed of vertebrae

Vertebrae protect the spinal cord

32
Q

Regions of the spine:

A 
Cranium
7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae 
5 sacrum bones
4 coccyx bones
33
Q

Types of joints:

A

Fibrous joints, Cartilaginous joints and Synovial joints

34
Q

Describe fibrous joints:

A

Bones connected by fibrous tissue
Joints are fixed, no movement possible
Eg: skull

35
Q

Describe cartilaginous joints:

A

Bones connected by cartilage
Joints are slightly moveable
Eg: first rib, vertebrae, pubis

36
Q

Describe synovial joints:

A

Presence of synovial fluid within synovial membrane
- produces and secretes synovial fluid
- fluid lubricates and nourishes the joint
They are freely moveable

37
Q

Types of synovial joints:

A

Ball and socket joints, hinge joints, plane (gliding) joints, pivot joints, candyloid joints and saddle joints.

38
Q

Describe ball and socket joints:

A

The head of one bone is ball-shaped which works with a cup-shaped socket of another. Eg: hip and shoulder.

39
Q

Describe hinge joints:

A

The ends of two bones fit together like a hinge using flexion and extension for movement. Eg: knee, ankle and joints between the phalanges of fingers and toes.

40
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Strong cords of fibrous tissue found at the joint.

41
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

They support joints binding bones together while still allowing movement of bone at the joint.

42
Q

How do ligaments attach?

A

Bone to bone

43
Q

How do tendons attach?

A

Skeletal muscle to bone

44
Q

How do tendons function?

A

Muscles enable movement by contracting, which stretches tendons, pulling bone.

45
Q

How do muscles work?

A

Muscles work by contracting, each muscle cell shortens.

46
Q

Two main categories of muscle:

A

Voluntary - skeletal muscle

Involuntary - smooth muscle and gastrointestinal muscle

47
Q

3 types of muscle:

A

Skeletal muscle, Cardiac muscle and Smooth muscle

48
Q

Describe skeletal muscle:

A

Enable movement
Contract when required
Striped in appearance
Muscle fibres arranged in bundles which are thicker in the middle

49
Q

Describe cardiac muscle:

A

Muscle of the heart (myocardium)
Short branching, striated cells
Regulated by heart conduction and hormones

50
Q

Describe smooth muscle:

A

Involuntary
Found in the walls of GI tract organs
Contraction regulates movement of the structure’s contents, eg: peristalsis or vasoconstriction

51
Q

Characteristics of muscles:

A

Excitability - able to receive and respond to stimuli, eg, nerves or hormones
Contractibility - able to shorten and thicken
Extensibility - able to stretch
Elasticity - able to return to original shape contraction or extension

52
Q

Types of bone fracture:

A

Transverse, Linear, Oblique, Spiral, Greenstick and Comminuted

53
Q

Bone fracture healing stages:

A

Inflammation, Soft Callus, Hard Callus, Remodelling.

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (5 decks)

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