Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Semester Two > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Myotomes Upper Limb

C5

A

Shoulder abduction and external rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Myotomes Upper Limb

C6

A

Elbow flexion
Wrist extension
Supination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Myotomes Upper Limb

C7

A

Elbow extension
Wrist flexion
Pronation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Myotomes Upper Limb

C8

A

Finger flexion

Finger extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Myotomes Upper Limb

T1

A

Finger abduction and adduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Myotomes Lower Limb

L2

A

Hip flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Myotomes Lower Limb

L3

A

Knee extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Myotomes Lower Limb

L4

A

Ankle dorsiflexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Myotomes Lower Limb

L5

A

Great toe extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Myotomes Lower Limb

S1

A

Ankle plantar-flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Myotomes Lower Limb

S2

A

Great toe flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the neural level of an injury?

A

The lowest level of fully intact sensation and motor function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the gross structure of the vertebral column.

A

Extends from the skull to the apex of the coccyx.

7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 5 sacral vertebrae and 4 coccygeal vertebrae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the intervertebral disc between L4 and L5 called?

A

The L4/5 intervertebral disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A

33 vertebrae in total

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which sections of the vertebral column are the most mobile?

A

Cervical and lumbar spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why is the thoracic spine less mobile?

A

They are joined by the ribs to the sternum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why aren’t the sacrum and coccyx mobile?

A

They are made of fused vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How many curvatures does the spine have?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a kyphotic curve?

A

Kyphotic - concave anteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a lordotic curvature?

A

Lordotic - concave posteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a primary curvature?

A

Spinal curvature that develops during the fetal period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a secondary curvature?

A

Spinal curvature that develops during childhood in association with lifting the head and sitting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

A
  • central bony pillar of the body that supports the weight of the skull, pelvis, upper limbs and thoracic cage
  • acts to protect the spinal cord and the cauda equina
  • provides an important role in posture and locomotion
  • bone marrow in the vertebral column is an important site of haematopoiesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is inside the vertebral foramen of a lumbar vertebra?

A

Conus medullaris (lower end of the spinal cord)
Cauda equina
Meninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How many bony processes does a lumbar vertebrae have?

A

Seven:

  • two transverse processes
  • two superior articular processes
  • two inferior articular processes
  • one spinous process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the percentage composition of the vertebra?

A

10% cortical bone

90% cancellous bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the facet joint in the spine?

A

It is formed between adjacent superior and inferior articular processes.
It is a synovial joint, lined with hyaline cartilage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does a facet joint in the spine prevent?

A

antero-posterior (forward-backward) displacement of the vertebrae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What percentage of the vertebral column is made up from intervertebral discs?

A

About 25% of the length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are intervertebral discs made up of?

A

70% water
20% collagen
10% proteoglycans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the two regions of the intervertebral disc? What is the arrangement of these?

A

The nucleus pulposus - central region

The annulus fibrosus - peripheral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the function of the annulus fibrosus?

A

Major ‘shock absorber’ of the spine.
It is highly resilient under axial compression.
It is avascular and aneural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the annulus fibrosus made up of?

A

Lamellae of annular bands of collagen in varying orientations.
Outer lamellae are type 1 collagen.
Inner lamellae are fibrocartilaginous.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus made up of?

A

It is the remnant of the notochord.

It is gelatinous and consists of type 2 collagen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Does the nucleus pulposus decrease with height? Why/why not?

A

Yes - it gradually decreases in height during the day as water is squeezed out due to mechanical pressure.
Also decreases with age.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Why is it important to keep your back straight when lifting heavy loads?

A

The intervertebral discs are very strong in axial compression but less strong under tangential loading (load applied whilst ‘at an angle’).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What do ligaments of the vertebral column do?

A

They provide stability. They prevent excessive movement between the vertebrae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the major ligaments in the spine?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

Posterior longitudinal ligament.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Which is stronger?

The anterior longitudinal ligament of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

It prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

It prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the ligamentum flavum?

A

It has a high elastin content and appears yellow - flava=yellow (in latin). Situated between the laminae of adjacent vertebrae and becomes stretched during flexion of the spine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the interspinous ligaments?

A

They are relatively weak sheets of fibrous tissue that unite the spinous processes along their adjacent borders.
They prevent hyperflexion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Which ligaments are under tension when we flex the spine?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament
Ligamentum flavum
Interspinous ligament
Supraspinous ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What parts of the spine are compressed when we flex it?

A

Vertebral bodies
Intervertebral discs
Anterior longitudinal ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What leads to osteoarthritic changes?

A

Increased stress on the facet joints
As we age a greater proportion of the load is ‘put onto’ the facet joints due to the nucleus pulposus decreasing in size.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the structure of the sacrum?

A

Consists of 5 fused vertebrae.
Articulates with L5 superiorly
Articulates with in ilium of the pelvis laterally
Articulates with the coccyx inferiorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the structure of the coccyx?

A

Consists of 4 fused vertebrae

It is the evolutionary remnant of the tail.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Does the central canal continue through the sacrum?

A

Yes, it ends at the fourth sacral vertebra as the sacral hiatus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is inside the central canal of the sacrum?

A

The cauda equina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

The bundle of spinal nerve roots
L2 - L5 nerves (these exit the canal in the lumbar region, don’t enter the sacrum)
S1 - S5 nerves
Coccygeal nerve
Conus medullaris (the end of the spinal cord)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What do the nerves of the cauda equina innervate?

A

Pelvic organs and the lower limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

A continuation of the pia mater from the conus medullaris of the spinal cord.
Approx 20cm in length and gives longitudinal support to the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the primary curvature?

A

The C-shaped vertebral column in the fetus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Which parts of the spine retain the primary curvature observed in the fetus?

A

The thoracic, sacral and coccygeal regions

It is known as a kyphosis - anterior concavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

When does a child develop its secondary cervical lordosis (posterior concavity)?

A

When it begins to lift its head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

When does a child develop its secondary lumbar lordosis (posterior concavity) in the lumbar spine?

A

During crawling and walking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What does a sinusoidal profile of the spine do?

A

It allows for great flexibility and gives the spine greater resilience.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is ‘senile kyphosis’?

A

Disc atrophy leads to the secondary curvatures starting to disappear and the re-establishment of the continuous primary curvature (C-shaped curve).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Where does the centre of gravity pass through in a standing adult?

A

C1/2
C7/T1
T12/L1
L5/S1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What are the weak points of the vertebral column?

A 
C1/2
C7/T1
T12/L1
L5/S1
The points where the centre of gravity passes through - they are points at which pathology tends to develop.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What are innominate bones?

A

The left and right hip bones

They are two irregularly shaped bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What does the innominate bones and the sacrum make up?

A

The pelvic girdle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is the pelvic girdle?

A

The bony structure that attaches the axial skeleton to the lower limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What are the three main articulations of the hip bones?

A

1) sacroiliac joint - articulation with the sacrum
2) pubic symphysis - articulation between the left and right hip bones
3) hip joint - articulation with the head of the femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What are the three parts of the hip bone?

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What are the three parts of the hip bone separated by as a child?

A

Triradiate cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

When does fusion of the hip bones begin?

A

Between the ages of 15 and 17

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

When does fusion of the hip bones finish?

A

By ages 20-25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What do the ilium, ischium and the pubis form?

A

The acetabulum - a cup-shaped socket

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What articulates with the acetabulum?

A

The head of the femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Which part of the hip bone is the widest and largest?

A

The ilium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Describe the internal surface of the wing of the ilium

A

Has a concave shape, which produces the iliac fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Describe the external surface of the wing of the ilium

A

Has a convex shape.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Describe the iliac crest

A

Superior margin of the iliac wing is thickened, forming the iliac crest. It extends from the anterior superior iliac spine to the posterior superior iliac spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What is the greater sciatic notch?

A

An indentation on the posterior aspect of the ilium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Describe the pubis

A

Most anterior portion of the hip bone.

Has a body, a superior ramus and an inferior ramus (ramus - branch)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Describe the pubis body

A

Located medially, articulates with the opposite pubic body at the pubic symphysis.
Superior aspect is marked by a rounded thickening (the pubic crest), which extends laterally as far as the pubic tubercle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Describe the superior pubic ramus

A

Extends laterally from the pubic body to the acetabulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Describe the inferior pubic ramus

A

Extends laterally from the pubic body to join with the inferior ischial ramus - these together form the ischiopubic ramus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What do the superior and inferior pubic rami form?

A

Part of the obturator foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What passes through the obturator foramen?

A

The obturator nerve, artery and vein - they pass through to reach the lower limb.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Describe the ischium

A

The ischium forms the posteroinferior part of the hip bone. It has a body, an inferior ramus and a superior ramus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Describe the ischial tuberosity

A

The posteroinferior aspect of the ischium forms this.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Describe the ischial spine

A

Near the junction of the superior ramus and body is a posteromedial projection of bone - this is the ischial spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

What are the two important ligaments attached to the ischium?

A

Sacrospinous ligament

Sacrotuberous ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

What is the sacrospinous ligament?

A

This runs from the ischial spine to the sacrum - creating the greater sciatic foramen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What is the greater sciatic foramen?

A

A gap where many nerves and vessels pass through to enter the lower limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

What is the sacrotuberous ligament?

A

This runs from the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity - forming the lesser sciatic foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

What do the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligament do?

A

They limit rotation of the inferior part of the sacrum during transmission of weight of the body down the vertebral column in the erect position (standing)

92
Q

What is the hip joint?

A

It is a ball and socket synovial joint.

An articulation between the head of the femur and the pelvic acetabulum

93
Q

What is the primary function of the hip joint?

A

To enable mobility of the lower limbs without weakening the ability of the lower limbs to support the weight of the body

94
Q

Describe the acetabulum

A

A cup-like socket on the inferolateral aspect of the pelvis

95
Q

What is the acetabular labrum?

A

A fibrocartilaginous collar encircling the acetabulum

96
Q

What is the function of the acetabular labrum?

A

Deepens the acetabulum and provides a more secure fit for the femoral head.
Increases the articular contact by 10%, so more than 50% of the femoral head is in contact with the socket at any one time.

97
Q

Is the hip joint a stable joint?

A

Yes - at the expense of some mobility

98
Q

What are the acetabulum and head of femur covered in?

A

Hyaline cartilage

99
Q

What is the shape of the articular surface of the acetabulum?

A

A horseshoe

100
Q

Why is the articular surface of the acetabulum shaped like a horseshoe?

A

It is incomplete inferiorly in the region known as the acetabular notch

101
Q

What is the acetabular notch?

A

Contains fibroelastic fat covered with synovial membrane

102
Q

What is the fovea capitis?

A

A small depression in the centre of the hemispherical femoral head. The ligamentum teres attaches here

103
Q

What is the ligamentum teres?

A

The ligament of the head of the femur. It contains the artery of the ligamentum teres.

104
Q

What does the neck of the femur do?

A

Attaches the head of the femur to the femoral shaft at an angle of approximately 125 degrees, slightly smaller in females.

105
Q

What is the greater trochanter?

A

Large bony prominence at the proximal end of the femoral shaft.
Connected to the lesser trochanter by the intertrochanteric line anteriorly, and by the intertrochanteric crest posteriorly.

106
Q

What is the lesser trochanter?

A

A bony prominence at the proximal end of the femoral shaft.
Connected to the greater trochanter by the intertrochanteric line anteriorly, and by the intertrochanteric crest posteriorly.

107
Q

Describe the femoral shaft

A

Smooth and rounded

108
Q

What is the linea aspera?

A

A ridge on the posterior aspect of the femoral shaft - intermuscular septa and many muscles of the thigh attach here

109
Q

What is the gluteal tuberosity?

A

Site of insertion of the gluteus maximus muscle.

Lies between the upper end of the linea aspera and the intertrochanteric crest

110
Q

Inferiorly, what does the linea aspera diverge to form?

A

The lateral and medial supracondylar lines

111
Q

What are the three main extracapsular ligaments of the hip joint?

A

Iliofemoral ligament
Pubofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament

112
Q

What is the only intracapsular ligament of the hip joint?

A

Ligamentum teres

113
Q

Where does the capsule of the hip joint join to?

A

Posteriorly - attaches to the edge of the acetabulum
Distally - attaches to the intertrochanteric line of the femur anteriorly, femoral neck posteriorly
Anteriorly - the capsular fibres ascend along the neck as longitudinal retinacula, contains blood vessels for the femoral head and neck

114
Q

Describe the iliofemoral ligament

A

Strongest ligament in the body
It has an inverted Y shape.
Prevents hyperextension of the hip.

115
Q

Describe the position of the iliofemoral ligament

A

Lies superiorly and anterior to the hip joint - blends with the capsule of the hip joint.
Base of Y attached to anterior inferior iliac spine.
Limbs of Y both attached to the intertrochanteric line of the femur.

116
Q

What does the iliofemoral ligament do?

A

Screws the head of the femur into the acetabulum.
Prevents the trunk from falling backward without the need for muscular activity.
When seated, becomes relaxed to allow the pelvis to tilt backward into its ‘sitting position’

117
Q

Describe the pubofemoral ligament

A

It is triangular in shape.

It prevents excessive abduction and extension of the hip joint

118
Q

Describe the anatomical position of the pubofemoral ligament

A

Lies anterior and inferior to the hip joint.
Its base is attached to the superior pubic ramus.
Its apex is attached to the inferior part of the intertrochanteric line anteriorly.

119
Q

Describe the ischiofemoral ligament

A

Spiral shaped ligament.
It is the weakest of the three ligaments.
It prevents excessive internal (medial) rotation of the hip joint.

120
Q

Describe the anatomical position of the ischiofemoral ligament

A

It is attached to the body of the ischium posteriorly.
Inferior fibres spiral superolaterally from the body of the ischium - attaches to the superolateral end of the intertrochanteric line. Wraps all the way around the back of the femoral head and neck and inserts anteriorly.

121
Q

What do the three extracapsular ligaments do for the hip joint?

A

Provides stability by pulling the femoral head into the acetabulum

122
Q

What is the transverse acetabular ligament?

A

This is a small ligament formed by the acetabular labrum as it bridges the acetabular notch

123
Q

What does the transverse acetabular ligament do?

A

Converts the acetabular notch into a tunnel through which blood vessels and nerves enter the hip joint.

124
Q

What does the synovial membrane do for the hip joint?

A

Lines the capsule
Attached to the margins of the articular surfaces
Ensheathes the ligamentum teres
Covers the pad of fat contained in the acetabular fossa.

125
Q

What are the factors increasing the stability of the hip joint?

A
  • the cup-shaped acetabulum
  • the acetabular labrum, which deepens the acetabulum
  • the capsule
  • the ligamentum teres
  • the extracapsular ligaments: iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral
  • the muscles surrounding the hip joint
126
Q

How is the hip joint innervated posteriorly?

A

The sciatic nerve

127
Q

How is the hip joint innervated anteriorly?

A

The femoral nerve

128
Q

How is the hip joint innervated inferiorly?

A

The obturator nerve

129
Q

How is the hip joint innervated superiorly?

A

The superior gluteal nerve

130
Q

What is the blood supply to the hip joint?

A

There is an extracapsular arterial ring at the base of the femoral neck - posteriorly formed by the medial femoral circumflex artery, anteriorly by the lateral femoral circumflex artery

131
Q

What is the major blood supply to the femoral epiphysis in a child?

A

The artery of the ligamentum teres

132
Q

What is one of the serious consequences of an intracapsular fracture of the femoral neck

A

Avascular necrosis due to the disruption of the medial femoral circumflex artery

133
Q

How does the lower limb receive its nerve supply?

A

Via the lumbosacral plexus

134
Q

What is the root of the ilioinguinal nerve?

A

L1

135
Q

What does the ilioinguinal nerve innervate?

A

Skin of the genitalia and the upper medial thigh

136
Q

What is the root of the genitofemoral nerve?

A

L1 and L2

137
Q

What does the genitofemoral nerve divide into?

A

A genital branch and a femoral branch

138
Q

What does the femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve innervate?

A

The skin on the upper anterior thigh

139
Q

What is the root of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh?

A

Posterior divisions of L2 and L3

140
Q

What is the role of the lateral cutaneous nerve?

A

Purely sensory function

Provides cutaneous sensation to the anterolateral thigh as far inferiorly as the knee

141
Q

What is the root of the obturator nerve?

A

Anterior division of the L2, L3 an L4 roots

142
Q

What does the obturator nerve innervate?

A

Skin over the medial thigh

Medial compartment of the thigh

143
Q

What is the root of the femoral nerve?

A

Posterior divisions of L2, L3 and L4 roots

144
Q

What does the femoral nerve innervate?

A

Skin of the anterior thigh, skin of the medial leg through the saphenous branch.
Anterior compartment of the thigh

145
Q

What does the following stand for?

Imogen Gets Lunch On Fridays

A 
I - ilioinguinal (L1)
G - genitofemoral (L1, L2)
L - lateral femoral cutaneous (L2, L3)
O - obturator (L2, L3, L4)
F - femoral (L2, L3, L4)
146
Q

What are the two main destinations of the sacral plexus?

A

The lower limb and the pelvic muscles, organs and perineum

147
Q

What is the root of the superior gluteal nerve?

A

L4, L5 and S1

148
Q

What does the superior gluteal nerve innervate?

A

The gluteus medius
The gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia lata

149
Q

Does the superior gluteal nerve have sensory branches?

A

No

150
Q

What is the root of the inferior gluteal nerve?

A

L5, S1 and S2

151
Q

How does the superior gluteal nerve enter the gluteal region?

A

Leaves pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen, enters the gluteal region above the piriformis muscle along with the superior gluteal artery and vein.

152
Q

How does the inferior gluteal nerve enter the gluteal region?

A

Leaves pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen, enters the gluteal region below the piriformis region along with the inferior gluteal artery and vein.

153
Q

What does the inferior gluteal nerve innervate?

A

The gluteus maximus

154
Q

Does the inferior gluteal nerve have sensory branches?

A

No

155
Q

What is the root of the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh?

A

S1, S2 and S3

156
Q

Does the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh leave the pelvis above or below the piriformis muscle?

A

Below

157
Q

What does the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh innervate?

A

The skin of the posterior thigh and leg

158
Q

What does the following stand for?

Salmon Is So Pink

A

S - superior gluteal (L4, L5, S1)
I - inferior gluteal (L4, L5, S1)
S - sciatic (L4, L5, S1, S2, S3)
P - posterior femoral (S1, S2, S3)

159
Q

What is the root of the sciatic nerve?

A

L4, L5, S1, S2 and S3

160
Q

What does the sciatic nerve divide into?

A

Tibial nerve

Common peroneal nerve (common fibular nerve)

161
Q

What does the tibial nerve innervate?

A

All of the hamstring muscles (semitendinosis, semimembranosus, long head of biceps femoris and the hamstring part of adductor magnus in the posterior thigh)

162
Q

What does the common peroneal nerve innervate?

A

The short head of biceps femoris in the posterior thigh

163
Q

What must you avoid when administering an intramuscular injection in the gluteal region?

A

Injury to the sciatic nerve

164
Q

What are the risk factors for osteoarthritis of the hip?

A

Primary - age, female sex, ethnicity, genetic predisposition, nutrition
Secondary - obesity, trauma, malalignment, infection, inflammatory arthritis, metabolic disorders affecting the joints, haematological disorders, endocrine abnormalities

165
Q

What is the pathology of osteoarthritis?

A

Risk factors lead to excessive or uneven loading of the joint. This damages the hyaline cartilage covering the articular surface.
Hyaline cartilage becomes swollen due to increased proteoglycan synthesis by chondrocytes.
As the disease progresses, the proteoglycan content falls - cartilage softens and loses elasticity. Flaking and fibrillation develop along the typically smooth articular surface.
Over time cartilage becomes eroded, results in loss of joint space.

166
Q

What are the symptoms of osteoarthritis in the hip?

A

Joint stiffness
Pain in the hip, gluteal and groin regions radiating to the knee
Mechanical pain
Crepitus - a grating sound or crunching/crackling sensation on movement of the joint
Reduced mobility - difficulty walking

167
Q

How does osteoarthritis limit activities of daily living?

A

Difficulty walking, difficulty putting on socks and shoes, getting in and out of car/the bath.
Stiff in the morning and when standing up after sitting down for a while
Pain accentuated by mobilisation or weight-bearing

168
Q

What fractures are common in the femur?

A

Fractured neck of femur (#NOF) - a fracture of the proximal femur, up to 5cm below the lesser trochanter.
Can be intracapsular or extracapsular (further divided into intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric)

169
Q

What are the complications of hip and femoral shaft fractures?

A

Can have implications for the blood supply, and therefore the viability, of the femoral head

170
Q

How does avascular necrosis of the hip occur following an intracapsular fracture of the femoral neck?

A

Intracapsular fractures are likely to disrupt the ascending cervical branches of the medial femoral circumflex artery. The artery of the ligamentum teres is unable to sustain the metabolic demand of the femoral head - this can lead to avascular necrosis

171
Q

What is the common clinical appearance of the lower limb after a displaced femoral neck fracture?

A

Hip is shortened, abducted and externally rotated

172
Q

What are the common mechanisms of traumatic dislocation of the hip?

A

Most common cause of traumatic hip dislocations are motor vehicle collisions.
It requires a great amount of force to dislocate a normal hip

173
Q

What is the typical clinical appearance of traumatic dislocation?

A

Affected limb will be shortened and held in a position of flexion, adduction and internal (medial) rotation.

174
Q

What muscles cause flexion of the hip?

A

Iliopsoas (iliacus + psoas major)

Assisted by rectus femoris, sartorius, pectineus

175
Q

What muscles cause extension of the hip?

A

Gluteus maximus

Hamstrings: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris (long head)

176
Q

What muscles cause abduction of the hip?

A

Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus

Assisted by sartorius, tensor fascia lata

177
Q

What muscles cause adduction of the hip?

A

Adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus

Assisted by pectineus, gracilis, obturator externus

178
Q

What muscles cause lateral rotation of the hip?

A

Obturator externus, piriformis, obturator internus, superior and inferior gemelli, quadratus femoris
Assisted by gluteus maximus, sartorius

179
Q

What muscles cause medial rotation of the hip?

A

Anterior fibres of gluteus medius and minimus, tensor fascia lata
Assisted by adductor brevis, adductor longus, superior portion of adductor magnus, pectineus

180
Q

What limits extension at the hip?

A

Iliofemoral ligament

Joint capsule

181
Q

What is the deep fascia of the thigh called?

A

The fascia lata

182
Q

What does the fascia lata form?

A

It thickens at its lateral aspect to become the iliotibial tract/band

183
Q

Where, anatomically, does the ITB run from and to?

A

From the iliac crest to the lateral tibial condyle, at the knee

184
Q

What is the origin of the tensor fascia lata?

A

Iliac crest

185
Q

What is the insertion of the tensor fascia lata?

A

Iliotibial tract

186
Q

What is the innervation of tensor fascia lata?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

L5 S1

187
Q

What is the origin of gluteus maximus?

A

Posterior surface of the ilium

188
Q

What is the insertion of gluteus maximus?

A

Superior and superficial fibres= ITB

Inferior and deeper fibres= gluteal tuberosity

189
Q

What is the innervation of gluteus maximus?

A

Inferior gluteal nerve

L5 S1 S2

190
Q

What is the origin of gluteus medius?

A

Gluteal surface of the ilium

191
Q

What is the insertion of gluteus medius?

A

Lateral surface of the greater trochanter

192
Q

What is the innervation of gluteus medius?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

L5 S1

193
Q

What is the origin of gluteus minimus?

A

Ilium

194
Q

What is the insertion of gluteus minimus?

A

Anterior aspect of the greater trochanter

195
Q

What is the innervation of gluteus minimus?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

L5 S1

196
Q

What is the origin of piriformis?

A

Anterior surface of sacrum

197
Q

What is the insertion of piriformis?

A

Superior aspect of greater trochanter

198
Q

What is the innervation of piriformis?

A

Nerve to piriformis

199
Q

What is the origin of gemellus superior?

A

Ischial spine

200
Q

What is the insertion of gemellus superior?

A

Posterior aspect of greater trochanter

201
Q

What is the innervation of gemellus superior?

A

Nerve to obturator internus

202
Q

What is the origin of obturator internus?

A

Medial surface of obturator membrane

Pubis and ischium

203
Q

What is the insertion of obturator internus?

A

Posterior aspect of greater trochanter

204
Q

What is the innervation of obturator internus?

A

Nerve to obturator internus

205
Q

What is the origin of gemellus inferior?

A

Ischial tuberosity

206
Q

What is the insertion of gemellus inferior?

A

Posterior aspect of greater trochanter

207
Q

What is the innervation of gemellus inferior?

A

Nerve to quadratus femoris

208
Q

What is the origin of quadratus femoris?

A

Lateral aspect of ischial tuberosity

209
Q

What is the insertion of quadratus femoris?

A

Quadrate tubercle

210
Q

What is the innervation of quadratus femoris?

A

Nerve to quadratus femoris

211
Q

What is the origin of obturator externus?

A

External surface of obturator membrane

212
Q

What is the insertion of obturator externus?

A

Posterior aspect of greater trochanter

213
Q

What is the innervation of obturator externus?

A

Obturator nerve L2-L4

214
Q

What is the origin of long head of biceps femoris?

A

Ischial tuberosity

215
Q

What is the insertion of long head of biceps femoris?

A

Head of the fibula

216
Q

What is the innervation of long head of biceps femoris?

A

Tibial part of sciatic nerve

217
Q

What is the origin of short head of biceps femoris?

A

Linea aspera on posterior surface of femur

218
Q

What is the insertion of short head of biceps femoris?

A

Head of fibula

219
Q

What is the innervation of short head of biceps femoris?

A

Common peroneal nerve (common fibular) part of sciatic nerve

220
Q

What is the origin of semitendinosus?

A

Ischial tuberosity

221
Q

What is the insertion of semitendinosus?

A

Upper medial aspect of the tibia

Part of pes aserinus

222
Q

What is the innervation of semitendinosus?

A

Tibial part of sciatic nerve

223
Q

What is the origin of semimembranosus?

A

Ischial tuberosity

224
Q

What is the insertion of semimembranosus?

A

Medial tibial condyle

225
Q

What is the innervation of semimembranosus?

A

Tibial part of sciatic nerve

Semester Two (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions