Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
What is the skeletal system?
The skeletal system includes all of the bones, cartilage and ligaments of the body that provide support and shape to the body, and body structures.
What are the primary functions of the skeleton?
• Provide a rigid, internal structure that can support the weight of the body against the force of gravity.
• Provide a structure upon which muscles can act to produce movements of the body.
• Protects internal organs.
• Primary storage site for minerals such as calcium and phosphate.
Bone marrow within bones stores fat and is a blood-cell producing tissue.
What are the 2 division of the skeleton?
The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
What does the axial skeleton form?
Forms the vertical, central axis of the body including bones of the head, neck, chest and back.
What does the appendicular skeleton form?
Includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs, plus the bones that attach each limb to the axial skeleton.
Where are skeletal muscles normally located?
Skeletal muscles are normally located deep to deep fascia which is a tough fibrous connective tissue covering.
Exception; skeletal muscles of the face are found deep to the superficial fascia (adipose tissue).
What is an aponeurosis?
Flattened tendon- most commonly associated with flat muscle. Attach muscle to soft tissue rather than bone.
What are the different skeletal muscle types?
Circular, Pennate, Fusiform, Quadrate, Flat.
What is the benefit of longer muscle fibres?
Greater potential range of shortening.
Greater potential range of movement produced at a joint.
What is the function of tendons?
Attaches muscles to bone. It is non-contractile.
What is the function of a ligament?
Attaches bone to bone.
What is paralysis?
A muscle without a functioning motor nerve and cannot therefore, contract.
On examination, the muscle would have reduced tone.
What is spasticity?
The muscle has an intact and functioning motor nerve but the descending controls from brain are not working.
On examination the muscle would have increased tone.
What is muscle atrophy?
Muscle wasting which develops as a result of inactivity.
What is cell hypertrophy?
Enlargement of cells.
What is cell hyperplasia?
Cell growth and proliferation.
What is bone?
Bone is a specialised connective tissue
What are functions of bone?
· Haematopoiesis- the formation of blood cells from haematopoietic stem cells found in the bone marrow.
· Lipid and Mineral Storage and Release- bone is a reservoir holding adipose tissue within the bone marrow and calcium with the hydroxyapatite crystals.
· Support- bones from the framework and shape of the body.
· Protection- especially the axial skeleton which surrounds the major organs of the body.
Facilitate Movement
What are the 3 types of cells in bone?
Osteoblast, osteoclasts and osteocytes.
Describe the compromise between mobility and stability.
Increased mobility = decreased stability.
Decreased mobility = increased stability.
What happens during contraction of a muscle?
Muscle fibres shorten along the long axis between the origin and insertion.
Describe origin and insertion of a muscle.
Origin is on one side of a joint and an insertion is on the other side.
What are reflexes?
Protective- rapid, predictable, involuntary reactions to ‘danger’
Automatic- movement made unconsciously by nervous system and muscles.
What are the 3 types of joints?
Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial.
