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PE GCSE > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the bones in the foot, what type of bones they are and where they are

A

Tarsals - Short at the top of the foot
Metatarsals - long in the middle of the foot
Phalanges - long bones in the digits (toes)

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2
Q

Name the bones in the hand, what type of bones they are and where they are

A

Carpals - Short at the top of the hand
Metacarpals - long bones in the middle of the hand
Phalanges - long bones in the digits (fingers)

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3
Q

Name the parts of the spine from top to bottom and what type of bones they are

A 
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx
They are all irregular
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4
Q

What is the name of the skull bone and what type of bone is it?

A

Cranium

Flat

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5
Q

What is the name for the collarbone and what type of bone is it?

A

Clavicle

Long

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6
Q

What is the name for the shoulder blade and what type of bone is it?

A

Scapula

Flat

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7
Q

What is the name for the bone in the upper arm and what type of bone is it?

A

Humerus

Long

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8
Q

What is the name for the bones in the forearm and what type of bones are they?

A

The radius and ulna (the ulna is underneath)

They are long bones

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9
Q

What is the name for the breastbone and what type of bone is it?

A

Sternum

Flat bone

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10
Q

What is the name for the bones that protect your cardiovascular system and what type of bones are they?

A

Ribs

Flat

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11
Q

What is the name for the spine and what type of bone is it?

A

The Vertebral column

Made up of irregular bones

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12
Q

What is the name for the bone at the bottom of your spine and what type of bone is it?

A

Pelvis

Flat

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13
Q

What is the name for the bone in the thigh and what type of bone is it?

A

Femur

Long

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14
Q

What is the name for the bone in the knee cap and what type of bone is it?

A

Patella

Irregular

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15
Q

What is the name for the bone in the lower leg and what type of bones are they?

A

Tibia and Fibula (fibula is thinner and on the outside)

They are both long bones

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16
Q

Name the four types of bones

A

Irregular
Flat
Long
Short

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17
Q

Give an example of an irregular bone

A

Vertebral column, patella

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18
Q

Give an example of a flat bone

A

Cranium, sternum, ribs, scapula, pelvis

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19
Q

Give an example of a short bone

A

Carpals, tarsals

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20
Q

Give an example of a long bone

A

Femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals/metacarpals, phalanges, radius, ulna, humerus, clavicle

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21
Q

What is the function of an irregular bone in sport?

A

These bones have unique shapes e.g. the vertebral column protects the spinal cord when a high jumper lands on their back after clearing the bar

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22
Q

What is the function of a flat bone in sport?

A

This bone has a lot of muscle attached to it for movement and some protect something e.g. cranium protects the brain in a rugby tackle

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23
Q

What is the function of a short bone in sport?

A

They are very strong to hold a lot of weight e.g. in a handstand the carpals must hold the body’s weight

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24
Q

What is the function of a long bone in sport?

A

Lots of muscle allows the joint to move e.g. femur allows knee joint to move when kicking a football

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25
Q

Name the five functions of the skeleton

A

Movement - muscles help movement where two bones meet
Muscle attachment - Muscles attach to bones by tendons and contract to move bones
Mineral storage - minerals can be stored in bones (e.g. calcium and phosphorus)
Protection - bones are hard and some flat and irregular ones surround to protect vital organs e.g. ribs protect heart + lungs
Production of blood - red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are produced in bone marrow in some bones

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26
Q

What is a joint?

A

Where two or more bones meet

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27
Q

Name the seven joints you need to know

A 
Atlas and Axis (neck)
Shoulder
Elbow
Wrist
Hip
Knee
Ankle
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28
Q

Name the types of joint an where they are found

A

Ball and socket - shoulder, hip
Pivot - atlas and axis (neck)
Hinge - elbow, knee, ankle
Condyloid - wrist

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29
Q

Describe a ball and socket joint

A

The heads of the humerus and femur are shaped like a ball and fit into the socket (cup) in the scapular and pelvis

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30
Q

Describe a pivot joint

A

A ring of bone sit on the top of a peg bone. The atlas (base of the cranium) sits on the axis (peg at the top of the vertebral column)

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31
Q

Describe a hinge joint

A

When two or more long bones meet. It can only move two ways.

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32
Q

Describe a condyloid joint

A

The radius an ulna have hollow. Ends that fit over oval shaped carpal bones

33
Q

Name the eight types of movement

A 
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction 
Rotation
Circumduction
Plantar-flexion
Doris-flexion
34
Q

What is flexion?

A

From the neutral body position decreasing the angle at a joint (bending)
Can take place at shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee

35
Q

What is extension?

A

From the neutral body position increasing the angle at a joint (straightening )
Can take place at shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee

36
Q

What is abduction?

A

From the neutral body position, moving a limb away from the mid-line of the body
Can take place at the shoulder hip and wrist

37
Q

What is adduction?

A

From the neutral body position, moving a limb towards the mid-line of the body
Can take place at the shoulder hip and wrist

38
Q

What is plantar-flexion?

A

Pointing the toes away from the shin

Can only take place at the ankle

39
Q

What is Doris-flexion?

A

Raising the toes towards the shin

Can only take place at the ankle

40
Q

What is rotation?

A

A twisting action

Can only take place at the shoulder, hip and neck

41
Q

What is circumduction?

A

A combining of flexion, abduction, adduction and extension (like drawing a circle)
Can only take place at the shoulder, hip and wrist

42
Q

What is a tendon?

A

A connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. They transfer force from muscle to bone and movement is created.
It’s red so think ‘muscle’

43
Q

What is a ligament?

A

A connective tissue that attaches bone to bone. They stop joints moving too far and dislocating which is common in sport.
They are white so think ‘bone’

44
Q

What is the name for the muscle on the front of your upper arm?

A

Bicep

45
Q

What is the name for the muscle on the back of your upper arm?

A

Tricep

46
Q

What is the name of the muscles covering your shoulder?

A

Deltoids

47
Q

What is the name of the muscle on each side of your chest?

A

Pectoralis Major

48
Q

What is the name of the muscles on the outside of your abdominals?

A

External obliques

49
Q

What is the name of the muscles on the front of your thighs?

A

Quadriceps

50
Q

What is the name of the muscle on the back of your thigh?

A

Hamstrings

51
Q

What is the name of the muscle on the front of your pelvis?

A

Hip flexor

52
Q

What is the name of the muscle on the front outside of your shin?

A

Tibialis anterior

53
Q

What is the name of the muscle in your ‘calf’?

A

Gastrocnemius

54
Q

What is the name of the muscle in your bum?

A

Gluteus maximus

55
Q

What is the name of the muscles in your back?

A

Latissimus Dorsi

56
Q

What movement do the deltoids create, where and when does this happen?

A

Circumduction, flexion, extension and abduction in the shoulder
Arm action when swimming butterfly

57
Q

What movement do the biceps create, where and when does this happen?

A

Flexion at the elbow

Bicep curl in weightlifting

58
Q

What movement do the triceps create, where and when does this happen?

A

Extension, elbow

Tricep dip

59
Q

What movement do the external obliques create, where and when does this happen?

A

Rotation of the vertebral column

A golf swing

60
Q

What movement does the hip flexor create, where and when does this happen?

A

Flexion at the hip

Leg shoot in long jump

61
Q

What movement do the latissimus dorsi create, where and when does this happen?

A

Adduction at the shoulder

Star jump

62
Q

What movement does the gluteus maximus create, where and when does this happen?

A

Extension at the hip

Leg swing behind in running

63
Q

What movement do the quadriceps create, where and when does this happen?

A

Extension at the knee

Push down in cycling

64
Q

What movement do the hamstrings create, where and when does this happen?

A

Flexion at the knee

Tuck jumping in trampolining

65
Q

What movement does the gastrocnemius create, where and when does this happen?

A

Plantar-flexion at the ankle

Pointing toes in trampolining

66
Q

What movement does the tibialis anterior create, where and when does this happen?

A

Dorsi-flexion at the ankle

Breaststroke leg kick

67
Q

What movement does the pectoralis major create, where and when does this happen?

A

(Horizontal) flexion at the shoulder

A discus throw

68
Q

What are the types of muscle?

A

Voluntary, involuntary and cardiac

69
Q

What is voluntary muscle?

A

Attached to the skeleton. They are under our control and we can decide how powerfully we contract them. Most muscles are voluntary e.g. quadriceps, gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior and hip flexors are crucial for running. It is also known as Skeletal muscle.

70
Q

What is an involuntary muscle?

A

Work automatically and are not under our control e.g. bowels, bladder. During exercise, involuntary muscles widen and narrow blood vessels. More blood is sent to working muscles because they need more oxygen. Less blood is sent to the stomach and less active areas.

71
Q

What is the redistribution of blood during exercise known as?

A

Vascular Shunting

72
Q

What is cardiac muscle? (+ why is it needed?)

A

Involuntary muscle that is found in the heart. It contracts and relaxes to creates pumping action which circulates blood around the body. Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to working muscles and removes CO2. Strong cardiac muscle is particularly important for sports requiring stamina and endurance.

73
Q

What are the three types of muscle fibers and where are they found?

A

Type 1 - slow twitch
Type 2a - fast twitch
Type 2x - very fast twitch
They are found in bundles in all voluntary muscles are made up of a different variety. Everyone has a mixture of different types in different proportions which we can train to be more effective but cannot change.

74
Q

What is type 1 muscle fibre?

A

Can use oxygen (aerobic) efficiently when they contract and fire slowly
Can work for a long time before fatigue sets
Contract more slowly so exert smallest force
Best suited to endurance events like marathons

75
Q

What is type 2a muscle fibre?

A

Can work without oxygen
Can contract more powerfully and quickly than 1 producing more speed and strength.
Tire more slowly than type 2x but more quickly than 2a.
Good for middle distance events (1500m) or centre field invasion games players.

76
Q

What is type 2x muscle fiber?

A

Work without oxygen (anaerobically) and contract more quickly and powerfully producing more speed than the other types.
Tire very quickly
Good for 100m, 200m or power events like athletics throwing or weightlifting

77
Q

What are muscle pairs called?

A

Antagonistic pairs

78
Q

What are the agonists and antagonists?

A

Agonist - pulling the bone

Antagonist - pushing the bone

79
Q

Give the name of some antagonistic pairs from the muscles you need to know for your exam

A

Biceps and Triceps
Quadriceps and hamstrings
Hip Flexor and Gluteus Maximus
Pectoralis Major and Latissimus Dorsi (for adduction)
Pectoralis Major and Deltoids (for abduction, flexion, extension and circumduction)
Gastrocnemius and Tibialis Anterior

PE GCSE (7 decks)

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