Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PE GCSE > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the bones in the foot, what type of bones they are and where they are

A

Tarsals - Short at the top of the foot
Metatarsals - long in the middle of the foot
Phalanges - long bones in the digits (toes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name the bones in the hand, what type of bones they are and where they are

A

Carpals - Short at the top of the hand
Metacarpals - long bones in the middle of the hand
Phalanges - long bones in the digits (fingers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name the parts of the spine from top to bottom and what type of bones they are

A 
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx
They are all irregular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the name of the skull bone and what type of bone is it?

A

Cranium

Flat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the name for the collarbone and what type of bone is it?

A

Clavicle

Long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the name for the shoulder blade and what type of bone is it?

A

Scapula

Flat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the name for the bone in the upper arm and what type of bone is it?

A

Humerus

Long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the name for the bones in the forearm and what type of bones are they?

A

The radius and ulna (the ulna is underneath)

They are long bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the name for the breastbone and what type of bone is it?

A

Sternum

Flat bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the name for the bones that protect your cardiovascular system and what type of bones are they?

A

Ribs

Flat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the name for the spine and what type of bone is it?

A

The Vertebral column

Made up of irregular bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the name for the bone at the bottom of your spine and what type of bone is it?

A

Pelvis

Flat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the name for the bone in the thigh and what type of bone is it?

A

Femur

Long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the name for the bone in the knee cap and what type of bone is it?

A

Patella

Irregular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the name for the bone in the lower leg and what type of bones are they?

A

Tibia and Fibula (fibula is thinner and on the outside)

They are both long bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name the four types of bones

A

Irregular
Flat
Long
Short

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Give an example of an irregular bone

A

Vertebral column, patella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Give an example of a flat bone

A

Cranium, sternum, ribs, scapula, pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Give an example of a short bone

A

Carpals, tarsals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Give an example of a long bone

A

Femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals/metacarpals, phalanges, radius, ulna, humerus, clavicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of an irregular bone in sport?

A

These bones have unique shapes e.g. the vertebral column protects the spinal cord when a high jumper lands on their back after clearing the bar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the function of a flat bone in sport?

A

This bone has a lot of muscle attached to it for movement and some protect something e.g. cranium protects the brain in a rugby tackle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of a short bone in sport?

A

They are very strong to hold a lot of weight e.g. in a handstand the carpals must hold the body’s weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of a long bone in sport?

A

Lots of muscle allows the joint to move e.g. femur allows knee joint to move when kicking a football

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Name the five functions of the skeleton
Movement - muscles help movement where two bones meet Muscle attachment - Muscles attach to bones by tendons and contract to move bones Mineral storage - minerals can be stored in bones (e.g. calcium and phosphorus) Protection - bones are hard and some flat and irregular ones surround to protect vital organs e.g. ribs protect heart + lungs Production of blood - red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are produced in bone marrow in some bones
26
What is a joint?
Where two or more bones meet
27
Name the seven joints you need to know
``` Atlas and Axis (neck) Shoulder Elbow Wrist Hip Knee Ankle ```
28
Name the types of joint an where they are found
Ball and socket - shoulder, hip Pivot - atlas and axis (neck) Hinge - elbow, knee, ankle Condyloid - wrist
29
Describe a ball and socket joint
The heads of the humerus and femur are shaped like a ball and fit into the socket (cup) in the scapular and pelvis
30
Describe a pivot joint
A ring of bone sit on the top of a peg bone. The atlas (base of the cranium) sits on the axis (peg at the top of the vertebral column)
31
Describe a hinge joint
When two or more long bones meet. It can only move two ways.
32
Describe a condyloid joint
The radius an ulna have hollow. Ends that fit over oval shaped carpal bones
33
Name the eight types of movement
``` Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Rotation Circumduction Plantar-flexion Doris-flexion ```
34
What is flexion?
From the neutral body position decreasing the angle at a joint (bending) Can take place at shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee
35
What is extension?
From the neutral body position increasing the angle at a joint (straightening ) Can take place at shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee
36
What is abduction?
From the neutral body position, moving a limb away from the mid-line of the body Can take place at the shoulder hip and wrist
37
What is adduction?
From the neutral body position, moving a limb towards the mid-line of the body Can take place at the shoulder hip and wrist
38
What is plantar-flexion?
Pointing the toes away from the shin | Can only take place at the ankle
39
What is Doris-flexion?
Raising the toes towards the shin | Can only take place at the ankle
40
What is rotation?
A twisting action | Can only take place at the shoulder, hip and neck
41
What is circumduction?
A combining of flexion, abduction, adduction and extension (like drawing a circle) Can only take place at the shoulder, hip and wrist
42
What is a tendon?
A connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. They transfer force from muscle to bone and movement is created. It’s red so think ‘muscle’
43
What is a ligament?
A connective tissue that attaches bone to bone. They stop joints moving too far and dislocating which is common in sport. They are white so think ‘bone’
44
What is the name for the muscle on the front of your upper arm?
Bicep
45
What is the name for the muscle on the back of your upper arm?
Tricep
46
What is the name of the muscles covering your shoulder?
Deltoids
47
What is the name of the muscle on each side of your chest?
Pectoralis Major
48
What is the name of the muscles on the outside of your abdominals?
External obliques
49
What is the name of the muscles on the front of your thighs?
Quadriceps
50
What is the name of the muscle on the back of your thigh?
Hamstrings
51
What is the name of the muscle on the front of your pelvis?
Hip flexor
52
What is the name of the muscle on the front outside of your shin?
Tibialis anterior
53
What is the name of the muscle in your ‘calf’?
Gastrocnemius
54
What is the name of the muscle in your bum?
Gluteus maximus
55
What is the name of the muscles in your back?
Latissimus Dorsi
56
What movement do the deltoids create, where and when does this happen?
Circumduction, flexion, extension and abduction in the shoulder Arm action when swimming butterfly
57
What movement do the biceps create, where and when does this happen?
Flexion at the elbow | Bicep curl in weightlifting
58
What movement do the triceps create, where and when does this happen?
Extension, elbow | Tricep dip
59
What movement do the external obliques create, where and when does this happen?
Rotation of the vertebral column | A golf swing
60
What movement does the hip flexor create, where and when does this happen?
Flexion at the hip | Leg shoot in long jump
61
What movement do the latissimus dorsi create, where and when does this happen?
Adduction at the shoulder | Star jump
62
What movement does the gluteus maximus create, where and when does this happen?
Extension at the hip | Leg swing behind in running
63
What movement do the quadriceps create, where and when does this happen?
Extension at the knee | Push down in cycling
64
What movement do the hamstrings create, where and when does this happen?
Flexion at the knee | Tuck jumping in trampolining
65
What movement does the gastrocnemius create, where and when does this happen?
Plantar-flexion at the ankle | Pointing toes in trampolining
66
What movement does the tibialis anterior create, where and when does this happen?
Dorsi-flexion at the ankle | Breaststroke leg kick
67
What movement does the pectoralis major create, where and when does this happen?
(Horizontal) flexion at the shoulder | A discus throw
68
What are the types of muscle?
Voluntary, involuntary and cardiac
69
What is voluntary muscle?
Attached to the skeleton. They are under our control and we can decide how powerfully we contract them. Most muscles are voluntary e.g. quadriceps, gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior and hip flexors are crucial for running. It is also known as Skeletal muscle.
70
What is an involuntary muscle?
Work automatically and are not under our control e.g. bowels, bladder. During exercise, involuntary muscles widen and narrow blood vessels. More blood is sent to working muscles because they need more oxygen. Less blood is sent to the stomach and less active areas.
71
What is the redistribution of blood during exercise known as?
Vascular Shunting
72
What is cardiac muscle? (+ why is it needed?)
Involuntary muscle that is found in the heart. It contracts and relaxes to creates pumping action which circulates blood around the body. Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to working muscles and removes CO2. Strong cardiac muscle is particularly important for sports requiring stamina and endurance.
73
What are the three types of muscle fibers and where are they found?
Type 1 - slow twitch Type 2a - fast twitch Type 2x - very fast twitch They are found in bundles in all voluntary muscles are made up of a different variety. Everyone has a mixture of different types in different proportions which we can train to be more effective but cannot change.
74
What is type 1 muscle fibre?
Can use oxygen (aerobic) efficiently when they contract and fire slowly Can work for a long time before fatigue sets Contract more slowly so exert smallest force Best suited to endurance events like marathons
75
What is type 2a muscle fibre?
Can work without oxygen Can contract more powerfully and quickly than 1 producing more speed and strength. Tire more slowly than type 2x but more quickly than 2a. Good for middle distance events (1500m) or centre field invasion games players.
76
What is type 2x muscle fiber?
Work without oxygen (anaerobically) and contract more quickly and powerfully producing more speed than the other types. Tire very quickly Good for 100m, 200m or power events like athletics throwing or weightlifting
77
What are muscle pairs called?
Antagonistic pairs
78
What are the agonists and antagonists?
Agonist - pulling the bone | Antagonist - pushing the bone
79
Give the name of some antagonistic pairs from the muscles you need to know for your exam
Biceps and Triceps Quadriceps and hamstrings Hip Flexor and Gluteus Maximus Pectoralis Major and Latissimus Dorsi (for adduction) Pectoralis Major and Deltoids (for abduction, flexion, extension and circumduction) Gastrocnemius and Tibialis Anterior

PE GCSE (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions