Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
What structures/landmarks are found on the costal surface of the scapula?
-Subscapular fossa -Coracoid process
What two general parts can any vertebrae be split into?
-Vertebral body -Vertebral arch
How is the muscle relaxed?
Removal of the calcium: -Pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum by Ca2+ pumps -Some binds to calmodulin
What movements do plane synovial joints permit? Give an example of where they can be found.
-Gliding -Sliding Acromioclavicular joint
What is the structural defect underlying congenital dislocation of the hip?
Underdevelopment of acetabulum and head of femur.
What type of cartilage in the intervertebral disc made of?
Fibrocartilage
Where is the subacromial bursae found? What is its function?
Between the acromion process of the scapula and the joint capsule. It allows relatively friction free movement of the subscapularis tendon under the coracoacromial arch, and of the deltoid muscle over the joint capsule.
What are the two main functions of the anconeus muscle?
-Assists triceps in extension of forearm -Stabilises the elbow joint N.B. may also abduct ulna during pronation
What structures/landmarks are found on the lateral border of the scapula?
-Supraglenoid tubercle -Glenoid fossa -Infraglenoid tubercle
What are the medial rotators of the gluteal region?
-Gluteus medius -Gluteus minimus
What two nerves innervate the adductor magnus?
-Adductor part is innervated by the obturator nerve (L2-L4) -Hamstring part is innervated by the tibial nerve (L4-S3)
What type of movements are permitted at the wrist joint?
-Flexion -Extension -Abduction -Adduction
What is the significance of the spinal process of thoracic vertebrae being slanted anteriorly and inferiorly?
Increased protection to the spinal cord, preventing an object like a knife entering the spinal canal through the intervetebral discs.
What do the infraspinous and supraspinous ligaments do?
Connect the spinous processes of each vertebrae together
Which nerve innervates the gluteus medius and minims?
Superior gluteal nerve
Where are suture joints found?
Skull
What is kyphosis?
Excessive thoracic curvature, causing a hunchback deformity.
What two muscles are responsible for ABduction of the thumb?
Abductor pollicis longus and abductor pollicis brevis.
What do the palmar interossei muscles do?
Adduct the fingers at the MCP joint
What makes up the floor of the cubital fossa?
Brachialis and the supinator muscle
What is the medial wall of the axilla made up of?
Serratus anterior and the thoracic wall (ribs and intercostal muscles)
What factors contribute to stability of the shoulder joint?
-Rotator cuff muscles attach to the tubercles of the humerus AND the capsule. The tone of the muscles pulls the humerus head into the glenoid cavity, strengthening the joint. -Glenoid labrum deepens the glenoid cavity to reduce risk of dislocation -Ligaments provide additional stability
What nerve innervates the illiacus?
Femoral nerve
What action is the supraspinatus muscle responsible for?
Abduction of the arm (first 15 degrees)
How many discrete regions can the vertebral column be split into? What are they?
-Cervical -Thoracic -Lumbar -Sacral -Coccyx
What is the structural difference between “cutaneous syndactyly” and “osseous syndactyly”?
Cutaneous syndactyly:- Webbing of the skin between the fingers and toes results from failure of this tissue breakdown to occur. Osseous syndactyly: In some cases, there is also fusion of the bones.
What are the two actions of the muscle teres major?
-Adducts the shoulder -Medially rotates the arm
What nerve roots supply the upper subscapular nerve? Which muscle does this nerve innervate?
C6, C7 Works with lower subscapular nerve to innervate the subscapularis
What problems might a vitamin A deficiency have on bone?
May cause an imbalance in the ratio of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, thereby slowing the growth rate.
What do the medial and lateral borders of the femoral triangle comprise of?
-Medial border by the lateral border of the adductor longus muscle -Lateral border is the medial margin of the sartorius muscle
Where is the subtendinous bursae of the elbow found? What is its function?
Found between the olecrannon and the tendon of the triceps brachii, reducing friction between the two structures during extension and flexion of the arm.
What type of joint is the shoulder joint?
Ball and socket joint
What two structures does the clavicle articulate with?
-Acromion of the scapula -Sternum
What makes up the apex of the axilla?
-Lateral border of the first rib -Superior border of scapula -Posterior border of the clavicle
What are the actions of the tibialis posterior?
-Inverts the foot -Plantarflexes the foot
What two muscles are responsible for ADduction of the thumb?
Adductor pollicis and 1st dorsal interosseous.
What specialisations do lumbar vertebrae have? (also ones that they don’t have)
-Large vertebral bodies (kidney shaped) -No foramen transversarium -No costal facets -No bifid spinous processes
What nerve roots supply the medial pectoral nerve?
C8 and T1
Which two types of vertebrae have triangular vertebral foramen?
Lumbar and cervical (thoracic has a circular one)
Name four structures within the appendicular skeleton.
- Upper limbs - Lower limbs - Scapulae - Pelvis
What nerve innervates the pectineus muscle?
`Femoral nerve
Why does the costoclavicular impression occur?
Rough oval depression that the costoclavicular ligament binds to.
What type of joint is the elbow joint?
Synovial (diarthrosis) hinge joint
What action(s) is Tibialis anterior responsible for?
-Dorsiflexion -Inversion of the foot
How is excessive abduction of the wrist prevented?
Radial styloid process
What muscle is responsible for opposition of the thumb?
Opponens pollicis
What nerve roots supply the long thoracic nerve?
C5, C6, C7
What nerve are the lateral two lumbricals innervated by?
Median nerve
What nerve are the palmar interossei innervated by?
Ulnar nerve
What makes up the superior border of the cubital fossa?
Imaginary line between the epicondyles of the humerus.
What action(s) is Extensor hallucis longus responsible for?
-Extends the great toe -Dorsiflexes the foot.
What is the main role of the appendicular skeleton?
Provides mobility
What four muscles does the quadriceps femoris consist of?
-Rectus femoris -Vastus medialis -Vastus intermedius -Vastus lateralis
What is the basic difference between intramembranous and endochondral ossification?
Intramembranous – develops directly from mesenchymal tissue Endochondral – develops by replacing hyaline cartilage model.
Where is the subacromial bursae found? What is its function?
Between the acromion process of the scapula and the joint capsule. It allows relatively friction free movement of the subscapularis tendon under the coracoacromial arch, and of the deltoid muscle over the joint capsule.
What movements do hinge synovial joints permit? Give an example of where they can be found.
-Flexion -Extension Elbow joint
What are the three main functions of the clavicle?
-Attaches the upper limb to the trunk. -Protects the underlying neurovascular structures supplying the upper limb. -Transmits force from the upper limb to the axial skeleton.
What treatment options are available for osteoarthritis?
-Analgesia -Joint replacement
Which muscles are responsible for medial rotation at the shoulder joint?
-Subscapularis -Pectoralis major -Latissimus dorsi -Teres major -Deltoid (anterior)
What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh?
-Sartorius -Rectus femoris -Vastus lateralis -Vastus medialis -Vastus intermedius -Psoas major -Iliacus
Where does the brachial artery bifurcate?
The distal end of the cubital fossa
What two surfaces articulate at the shoulder joint?
Articulation of the glenoid cavity of the scapula with the head of the humerus
What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the vertebrae?
Thinner than the anterior one and prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column
What is the anterior wall of the axilla made up of?
Pectoralis major, the underlying pectoralis minor and the subclavius muscles
What type of joints do the vertebrae form with each other? What are their articulating surfaces covered with?
Cartilaginous joints lined with hyaline cartilage
What is the anterior border of the anatomical snuff box?
Tendons of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis
Which two nerves innervate the gemelli muscles?
-Superior gemellus muscle is innervated by the nerve to obturator internus -Inferior gemellus is innervated by the nerve to quadratus femoris
Which two muscles are the superficial extrinsic shoulder muscles?
-Trapezius -Latissimus Dorsi
What nerve roots supply the median nerve?
C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1
What is the basic difference between intramembranous and endochondral ossification?
Intramembranous – develops directly from mesenchymal tissue Endochondral – develops by replacing hyaline cartilage model.
What is cervical spondylosis? Why do patients experience pain?
A decrease in the size of the intervertebral foramina, usually due to degeneration of the joints of the spine. The smaller size of the intervertebral foramina puts pressure on the exiting nerves, causing pain.
What are the main anatomical features of the shaft of the humerus?
-Radial groove -Deltoid tuberosity
What movements are permitted at the shoulder joint?
-Flexion (upper limb forwards in sagittal plane) -Extension (upper limb backwards in sagittal plane) -Abduction (upper limb away from midline in coronal plane) -Adduction (upper limb towards midline in coronal plane) -Medial rotation (rotation towards the midline, so that the thumb is pointing medially) -Lateral rotation (rotation away from the midline, so that the thumb is pointing laterally)
What are the actions of the iliopsoas muscle?
-Flexor at the hip joint -Assist in lateral rotation
Where is the costal facet of the thoracic vertebrae found?
On the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae
What are the names given to the first and second cervical vertebrae? What is the reason that they have a unique structure?
Atlas and Axis (C1 and C2 respectively) Movement of the head.
What is the issue of giving anaesthetics (muscle relaxants) to a patient? How is this overcome?
Diaphragm is skeletal muscle - will paralyse the diaphragm. Overcome by ventilating the patient.
What are the three superficial muscles of the gluteal region?
-Gluteus maximus -Gluteus minimus -Gluteus medius
What movements do pivot synovial joints permit? Give an example of where they can be found.
Rotation Atlantoaxial joint
What movements do ball and socket synovial joints permit? Give an example of where they can be found.
Permits movement in many directions i.e. shoulder or hip joint
What nerve is the palmaris brevis innervated by?
Ulnar nerve
What bony landmarks can be observed on the inferior surface of the clavicle?
-Conoid tubercle -Costoclavicular ligament impression -Trapezoid line
Where does the apex of the femoral triangle occur?
Where the medial border of the sartorius crosses the lateral border of the adductor longus.
Which muscles are responsible for extension at the shoulder joint?
-Deltoid (posterior) -Latissimus dorsi -Teres major
Which muscles make up the deep layer of the posterior forearm?
-Supinator -Abductor pollicis longus -Extensor pollicis brevis -Extensor pollicis longus -Extensor indicis
Which two muscles are the deep extrinsic shoulder muscles?
-Levator Scapulae -Rhomboid major and minor
What are the major actions of the sartorius at the hip joint?
-Flexor -Abductor -Lateral rotator
What are the 5 main classifications of bone?
-Long -Short -Sesamoid -Flat -Irregular
Which ligaments support the shoulder joint?
-Coracoacromial -Coracohumeral -Glenohumeral -Transverse humeral
What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh?
-Biceps femoris -Semitendinosus -Semimembranosus
In general anatomical terms where do the cephalic and basilic veins run through the arm?
The cephalic vein runs down the antero-lateral aspect of the arm, whereas the basilic vein passes more medially
What makes up the roof of the cubital fossa?
-Skin -Fascia Reinforced by bicipital aponeurosis.
How are bones held together in a syndesmoses joint?
Interosseous membrane (fibrous sheet)
Which muscles make up the rotator cuff?
-Supraspinatus -Infraspinatus -Subscapularis -Teres minor
What nerve roots supply the axillary nerve?
C5 and C6
Which muscles are responsible for lateral rotation at the shoulder joint?
-Infraspinatus -Teres minor
What is the function of pectoralis major?
- Two heads (sternocostal and clavicular) work together for adduction and medial rotation of the humerus - Clavicular head can carry out flexion by itself
What nerve is the adductor pollicis muscle innervated by?
Ulnar nerve
What actions does the gracilis muscle perform?
-Adduction of the thigh at the hip -Flexion of the leg at the knee
Which muscles are responsible for pronation at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints?
Pronator quadratus and pronator teres
What are the attachments of the biceps brachii muscle? (you need to know this attachment…sorry)
-Long head originates from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula -Short head originates from the coracoid process of the scapula. -Two heads combine and then condense to form a tendon, which attaches to the radial tuberosity.
Where are surface markings on bone found?
Where fascia, ligaments, tendons or aponeuroses are attached to the bone
What nerve is the sartorius innervated by?
Femoral nerve
What is the ligamentum flava?
The ligament that connects lamina to lamina
What are synchondroses joined by? Give an example of a synchondroses.
Joined by hyaline cartilage, for example, the sterno-costal joints N.B. might not be permanent
What are symphyses joined by? Give three examples of symphyses.
Ends of bones covered with hyaline cartilage and joined by fibrocartilage i.e. - Pubic symphysis - Intervertebral discs - Sacro-coccygeal joint.
What action is the subscapularis muscle responsible for?
Medial rotation of the arm
Which nerve innervates the trapezius muscle?
Accessory nerve
What does the palmaris brevis muscle do?
Wrinkles the skin of the hypothenar eminence and deepens the curvature of the hand, improving grip
What do the two demi facets on the thoracic vertebrae articulate with?
Head of the rib above and below
What two groups can the interossei be split into?
-Dorsal -Palmar
What factors contribute to mobility of the shoulder joint?
-Ball and socket joint. -Shallow glenoid cavity and large humeral head -Laxity of the joint capsule
What nerve are the dorsal interossei innervated by?
Ulnar nerve
What nerve innervates the lateral compartment of the leg?
Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve
What is another name for a cartilaginous joint? What are the two types of cartilaginous joint?
Amphiarthroses: - Synchondroses (primary) - Symphyses (secondary)
Which muscles abduct the arm?
-Supraspinatus (first 15 degrees) -Deltoid (15-90 degrees) -Trapezius with help from Serratus anterior (90 degrees onwards)
What are the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?
-Gracilis -Pectineus -Adductor Longus -Adductor brevis -Adductor magnus -Obtuator externus
What are the actions of the gluteus maximus?
-Extensor of the thigh -Assists with lateral rotation (only used when force is required, such as running or climbing.)
What nerve innervates the latissimus dorsi muscle?
Thoracodorsal nerve
Which muscles are responsible for supination at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints?
Supinator and biceps brachii
What are the three main components of all synovial joints?
-Articular surfaces corvered by hyaline cartilage, separated by joint cavity -Synovial membrane (lining cavity) that secretes synovial fluid -Protective capsule surrounds joints.
Which nerve are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm innervated by?
Musculocutaneous nerve
What nerve roots supply the suprascapular nerve? Which muscles does the suprascapular nerve innervate?
C4, C5 and C6 Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus
What type of muscle is biceps brachii?
Fusiform
Which muscles make up the deep layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
-Flexor digitorum profundus -Flexor pollicis longus -Pronator quadratus
What are the two major actions of the quadriceps femoris?
-Extension at the knee -Flexion at the hip
What movements are the proximal and distal radioulnar joints responsible for?
-Pronation -Supination
Out of interest do you know how many muscles attach to the scapula?
17 muscles…17 ****ing muscles. I hate my life.
What is the action of the soleus?
Plantarflexes the foot at the ankle joint
What three muscles are responsible for extension of the thumb?
Extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus
What nerve roots supply the musculocutaneous nerve?
C5, C6 and C7
What generally does the radial artery supply in the forearm?
Posterior aspect of the forearm
What action(s) is Fibularis Tertius responsible for?
-Evert the foot -Weak dorsiflexor of the foot
What are the main anatomical features of the proximal humerus?
-Anatomical neck -Surgical neck -Greater tubercle -Lesser tubercle -Intertubercular sulcus (groove)
What are the articulating surfaces in the shoulder joint?
Glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus
What is the nucleus pulposus? What can it be used as?
The remainder of the notochord, it can act as a water reservoir
What does the opponens pollicis muscle do?
Opposes the thumb, by medially rotating and flexing the metacarpal
What four main muscles can be found in the anterior compartment of the leg?
-Tibialis anterior -Extensor digitorum longus -Extensor hallucis longus -Fibularis Tertius
What is the main role of the axial skeleton?
Protection for the body’s vulnerable/vital areas
What are the four muscles of the superficial layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
-Flexor carpi ulnaris -Palmaris longus -Flexor carpi radialis -Pronator teres
What action does the obturator externus perform?
Lateral rotation of the thigh
What is the function of the apical ectodermal ridge (AER)?
Stimulates outgrowth of limb and maintains undifferentiated state in mesenchyme immediately underlying it.
Where is the subcutaneous bursae of the elbow formed?
Found between the olecrannon and the overlying connective tissue.
Where is the subscapular bursae found?
Between tendon on subscapularis muscle and the joint capsule.
What are the major actions of the sartorius at the knee joint?
Flexor
How does rotator cuff tendonitis?
Rubbing of the tendon of the supraspinatus muscle against the coraco-acromial arch due to reduced subacromial bursa. Painful arc (pain in the middle of abduction) is the common sign, the humeral head rubs against coraco-acromial arch, which in turn causes inflammation of the rotator cuff.
What actions is the trapezius muscle responsible for? Again there are three fibres with different actions
-Upper fibres elevate and rotate the scapula during abduction of the arm -Middle fibres retract the scapula -Lower fibres pull the scapula inferiorly
What nerve roots supply the lateral pectoral nerve?
C5, C6 and C7
What is the anular radial ligament? What is its function?
Radial head is held in place by the anular radial ligament, it forms a collar around the joint. The ligament is lined with a synovial membrane, reducing friction during movement.
What is the main actions of the quadratus femoris? Which nerve innervates it?
-Lateral rotation Nerve to quadratus femoris
Which muscles does the accessory nerve innervate?
Trapezius and Sternocleidomastoid
What action is the infraspinatus muscle responsible for?
Lateral rotation of the arm
Why is baseline tone present in muscles when they are at rest?
-Motor neuron activity -Muscle elasticity
Why do intervertebral discs herniate backwards? (posterior)
The anterior longitudinal ligament is stronger than the posterior longitudinal ligament
Where is the suprascapular nerve most vulnerable to injury? What does this result in?
Vulnerable to injury in fractures of the middle third of the clavicle. Results in the waiter’s tip with initiation of abduction also being affected.
What is meromelia?
Partial absence of a limb or limbs
What action(s) is Extensor digitorum longus responsible for?
-Extends the lateral four toes -Dorsiflexes the foot
Give two functions of the biceps brachii
-Supinates the forearm -Flexes forearm
What does the opponens digiti minimi muscle do?
It rotates the metacarpal of the little finger towards the palm, producing opposition.
Which vein connects the basilic and cephalic veins together?
Median cubital vein
What does the flexor digit minimi brevis muscle do?
Flexes the MCP joint of the little finger
What is the function of pectoralis minor?
Depresses the tip of the shoulder and therefore protracts the scapula
List all the movements of the scapula (six of them) and the principle muscles that produce them.
Protraction – Serratus anterior Retraction – (Middle fibres of) trapezius, rhomboids Elevation – (Upper fibres of) trapezius, levator scapulae Depression – (gravity) (relaxation of elevator muscles) Lateral rotation/upward rotation – upper and lower fibres of trapezius Medial rotation/downward rotation – Latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboids (tilt glenoid cavity inferiorly)
What generally does the ulnar artery supply in the forearm?
Anterior aspect of the forearm
What movements do condyloid synovial joints permit? Give an example of where they can be found.
-Flexion -Extension -Abduction -Adduction -Circumduction Metacarpal-phalange joints
Which nerve are the thenar muscles innervated by?
Median nerve
What structures/landmarks are found on the posterior surface of the scapula?
-Supraspinous fossa -Spine -Infraspinous fossa -Acromion
What are the three main types of joints? How much movement is there at each of them?
- Fibrous - Limited movement - Cartilaginous - No/minimal Movement - Synovial - Variety of movements
What is the hole between the vertebral arch and body called?
Vertebral foramen
Where is the subcoracoid bursae found?
Between the coracoid process of scapula and joint capsule
What 3 muscles make up the anterior compartment of the arm?
-Biceps brachii -Brachialis -Coracobrachialis
Which nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the arm?
Radial nerve
What type of joint is the wrist joint?
Ellipsoid (condyloid) synovial (diarthrosis) joint
What nerve is the deltoid muscle innervated by?
Axillary nerve
What are the four key functions of the vertebral column?
-Protection -Support -Axis -Movement
What type of muscle is the deltoid?
Multipenate
Which side of the scapula is the costal surface?
The one facing the ribcage
What is the action of the flexor digitorum longus?
Flexes the lateral four toes
What nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the leg?
Deep fibular nerve
What are the inner and outer bands of the annulus fibrosus (in the intervertebral disc) made out of?
Inner bands are fibrocartilaginous and the outer bands are collangeous
What action is the teres minor muscle responsible for?
Lateral rotation of the arm
What four ligaments support the wrist joint?
-Palmar radiocarpal -Dorsal radiocarpal -Ulnar collateral -Radial collateral
Which nerve innervates the muscles palmaris longus, flexor carpi radialis and pronator teres?
Median nerve
How does an increase in intracellular calcium produce symptoms of muscle rigidity?
An increase in intracellular calcium activates the crossbridge cycle promoting contraction. The sustained release of calcium counteracts the process of re-uptake of calcium back into intracellular stores necessary for relaxation.
What is the calcitonin on bone?
CT is released from specific thyroid cells (parafollicular cells) in response to elevated calcium levels in the blood. CT causes calcium levels to be lowered by inhibiting osteoclastic activity in bone; it also favours calcium uptake by bone, promoting bone formation and decreasing blood calcium levels.
What makes up the lateral border of the cubital fossa?
Medial border of the brachioradialis.
What are synergists?
Assist prime movers (they might prevent any other movement than the desired)
Why does the conoid tubercle occur?
Attachment point of the conoid ligament - the medial part of the coracoclavicular ligament.
What is the purpose of the coracoacromial arch?
Prevents superior displacement of the humeral head.
What are the two main actions of the levator scapulae muscle?
-Elevation of the scapula -Rotation of the scapula pushing the glenohumeral joint inferiorly
What are the functions of the articular disc at the distal radioulnar joint?
-Binds the radius and ulna together, holds them together during movement at the joint -Separates the distal radioulnar joint from the wrist joint
What is the muscle pectoralis minor innervated by?
- Medial pectoral nerve (C8 and T1) (Medial more, Lateral less) i.e. the medial pierces both, lateral only the major
What are the main actions of the obtuator internus? Which nerve innervates it?
-Lateral rotation -Abduction Nerve to obtuator internus
Where is the intratendinous bursae of the elbow formed?
Formed with the tendon of the triceps brachii
What is the function of the annulus fibrosus?
Shock absorber
What makes up the inferior margins of the popliteal fossa?
Medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius muscle
Which muscles are responsible for flexion at the shoulder joint?
-Biceps brachii (both heads) -Pectoralis major -Deltoid (anterior) -Coracobrachialis
What is the main function of the thoracic vertebrae?
Articulation with the ribs producing the bony thorax.
What are the adductor longus, adductor brevis, obtuator externs and gracilis muscles innervated by?
Obturator nerve (L2-L4)
What are the three main actions of the rhomboid muscles?
-Retract the scapula -Rotation of the scapula pushing the glenohumeral joint inferiorly -Fixes the scapula to the thoracic wall
Give three mechanical functions of bone
- Support i.e. a rigid framework - Protection (enclose vital structures & viscera) - Body movement i.e. act as levers with joints, functioning as pivots when muscles contract to cause movement
Which nerve is the levator scapulae muscle innervated by?
Dorsal scapula nerve
What nerve roots supply the ulnar nerve?
C8 and T1
Why is the trapezoid line formed?
It is where the trapezoid ligament (the lateral part of the coracoclavicular ligament) attaches.
What is the function of brachialis?
Flexes the forearm in all positions
What is another name for a fibrous joint? What are the three types of fibrous joint?
Synarthroses: - Sutures - Syndesmoses - Gomphoses
What muscle is found in the posterior compartment of the arm? What is it innervated by?
Triceps brachii Innervated by radial nerve
What is the posterior wall of the axilla made up of?
Subscapularis, teres major and latissimus dorsi.
What is the subclavius muscle innervated by?
Nerve to subclavius (C5 and C6)
What main structures are contained within the popliteal fossa?
-Popliteal artery -Popliteal vein -Tibial nerve -Common fibular nerve
What is a slipped disc?
A herniation of the nucleus pulposus through the annulus fibrosus when there is degeneration
What are the three types of bone cells? For each state their function.
-Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells (secrete collagen to form a matrix which is calcified) -Osteocytes are former osteoblast cells that become encased in the bone matrix. -Osteoclasts are bone-breaking cells (resorb bone)
How can you test the accessory nerve is functioning correctly?
Elevating the shoulder against resistance
What is the action of the flexor hallucis longus?
Flexes the big toe
What two muscles are responsible for flexion of the thumb?
Flexor pollicis longus and flexor pollicis brevis
What nerve roots supply the thoracodorsal nerve? What muscle does the thoracodorsal nerve innervate?
C6, C7 and C8 Latissimus Dorsi
What are the main features of the vertebral neural arch?
-Spinous process -Transverse process (x2) -Articular process (x2) -Pedicles (x2) -Lamina
How come some of the adductor magnus has a different function to other parts?
Because of its size, a portion of the adductor magnus can be found in the posterior compartment of the leg, with different functions.
What are proprioreceptors?
Muscle spindles that detect where your muscles are in 3D space
What are the three superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?
-Gastrocnemius -Plantaris -Soleus
What are the main anatomical features of the ulna?
-Olecranon -Coronoid proces -Trochlear notch -Radial notch -Tuberosity of the ulna -Styloid process
What makes up the medial border of the cubital fossa?
Lateral border of the pronator teres.
What nerve is the subscapularis muscle innervated by?
Upper and lower subscapular nerve
How is the seventh cervical vertebrae different to the rest of the cervical vertebrae?
Doesn’t bifurcate - long single spinous process
What type of joints are the proximal and distal radioulnar joints?
Synovial (diarthrosis) pivot joint
Which nerve are the LLOAF muscles innervated by?
LLOAF:
- Lateral Lumbricals (x2)
- Opponens pollicis
- Abductor pollicis brevis
- Flexor pollicis brevis
Are all innervated by the MEDIAN nerve
Describe where you would take a lumbar puncture and how you would find the correct site?
The highest points of the iliac crests creates a direct line which is a guide to the fourth lumbar vertebral body. The spinal needle can be safely inserted into the subarachnoid space at the L3/4 or L4/5 interspace, since this is well below the termination of the spinal cord.
What actions does the pectineus muscle perform?
-Adduction -Flexion
What are the contents of the cubital fossa? Hint: Really Need Beer To Be At My Nicest
-Radial nerve -Biceps tendon -Brachial artery -Median nerve
What is the function of serratus anterior?
- Rotates the scapula - Protracts/retracts the scapula
What is amelia?
A complete absence of a limb or limbs
Which nerve innervates the hypothenar muscles?
Ulnar nerve
What nerve roots supply the dorsal scapular nerve? Which muscles does the dorsal scapular nerve innervate?
C4 and C5 Levator Scapulae and the Rhomboids
What does the flexor pollicis brevis muscle do?
Flexes the MCP joint of the thumb
The basilic vein is a continuation of which other vein?
Axillary vein
What structures run through the radial groove?
-Radial never -Profunda brachii artery
What actions does the adductor longus perform?
-Adduction of the thigh -Medial rotation of the thigh
What is the function of erythropoetin?
Erythropoietin is released from the kidney when blood oxygen levels are low (e.g., anaemia) to stimulate red blood cell production
What is scoliosis?
A lateral curvature of the spine.
Which muscles are described as the thenar muscles?
-Oppenens Pollicis -Abductor Pollicis Brevis -Flexor Pollicis Brevis
What do the dorsal interossei muscles do?
Abduct the fingers at the MCP joint
What nerve is the muscle teres major innervated by?
Lower subscapular nerve
Which muscle makes up the intermediate layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
Flexor digitorum superficialis
What nerve innervates the entire posterior compartment of the leg?
Tibial nerve
What is the proximal border of the anatomical snuff box?
Styloid process of the radius
What are the three muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm? What are they all innervated by?
Biceps brachii, coracobrachialis and brachialis. Innervated by musculocutaneous nerve
What is the main function of lumbar vertebrae?
Support the body’s weight
What is the approximate mechanical efficiency of muscle?
20%
What is the muscle serratus anterior innervated by?
The long thoracic nerve (Nerve of Bell), a branch of the brachial plexus (C5, 6 and 7)
What are the lateral rotators of the gluteal region?
-Gluteus maximus -Piriformis -Obturator internus -Obtuator externus (medial thigh muscle seen in the gluteal region) -Quadratus femoris -Gemelli superior
What are the main anatomical features of the radius?
-Head -Neck -Radial tuberosity -Ulnar notch -Styloid process
Which surfaces articulate at the elbow joint?
-Trochlear notch of the ulna and the trochlea of the humerus -Head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus
Which nerve are the rhomboid major and minor innervated by?
Dorsal scapula nerve
What nerve innervates the psoas major?
Anterior rami of L1-3
Where does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?
Lower border of teres major
Which nerve innervates the muscle flexor carpi ulnaris?
Ulnar nerve
What is the clinical significance of the median cubital vein? Why can it be used like this?
The main site for taking blood is the median cubital vein. This is because it is easily accessible and the vein is relatively superficial.
What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament of the vertebrae?
Thick and prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column
Which muscles make up the superficial layer of the posterior forearm?
-Brachioradialis -Extensor carpi radialis longus -Extensor carpi radialis brevis -Extensor digitorum -Extensor digiti minimi -Extensor carpi ulnaris -Anconeus
What nerve roots supply the lower subscapular nerve? Which muscle does this nerve innervate?
C5 and C6 Teres major
What is the lateral wall of the axilla made up of?
Intertubecular groove of the humerus
What nerve roots supply the nerve to subclavius?
C5 and C6
What are the main actions of the gemelli?
-Lateral rotation -Abduction
What are the four main attachments of the flexor retinaculum of the wrist?
-Radial side to the tubercle of the scaphoid -Radial side to the ridge of the trapezium -Ulnar side to the pisiform -Ulnar side to the hook of the hamate.
What type of receptors does Ach bind to on the neuromuscular junction end plate?
Nicotinic receptors
What are the actions of the popliteus?
-Laterally rotates the femur on the tibia – ‘unlocking’ the joint so that flexion at the knee joint can occur
What are the actions of the gluteus medius and minims?
-Abduction -Prevents pelvic drop -With the hip flexed, it is a medial rotator.
What are the two types of isotonic contraction?
-Concentric where muscle shortens -Eccentric where muscle exerts a force while being extended
What movements do saddle synovial joints permit? Give an example of where they can be found.
-Concave -Convex 1st metacarpal-phalange joint
What two main muscles can be found in the lateral compartment of the leg?
-Fibularis brevis -Fibularis longus
What are the three main actions of the latissimus dorsi?
-Extension of the arm at the shoulder -Adduction at the shoulder -Medial rotation of the arm
What is the muscle pectoralis major innervated by?
- Medial pectoral nerve (C8 and T1) - Lateral pectoral nerve (C5, 6 and 7) (Medial more, Lateral less) i.e. the medial pierces both, lateral only the major
Which muscles are responsible for adduction at the shoulder joint?
-Pectoralis major -Latissimus dorsi -Teres major
What are the main actions of the piriformis? Which nerve innervates it?
-Lateral rotation -Abduction Nerve to piriformis
What process, within the muscle fibre, causes skeletal muscle relaxation?
The active transport of calcium ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
What are the main actions of the adductor magnus?
-Adduct the thigh -Flexes the thigh -Extension of the thigh
Which muscles are described as the hypothenar muscles?
-Opponens digiti minimi -Abductor digiti minimi -Flexor digiti minimi brevis
What are the actions of the gastrocnemius and plantaris?
-Plantarflexes the foot -Flexes at the knee (crosses the knee)
What two muscles make up the iliopsoas?
Iliacus and Psoas major
The sacrum is a fused bone made up of how many smaller bone?
Five
What makes up the superior margins of the popliteal fossa?
-Laterally by the biceps femoris muscle -Medially by the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscle
What are the four deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?
-Popliteus -Tibialis posterior -Flexor digitorum longus -Flexor hallucis longus
Which nerve innervates the gluteus maximus?
Inferior gluteal nerve
What nerve roots supply the radial nerve?
C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1
Where are gomphoses joints found?
Where the teeth articulate with the maxillae/mandible
Where are syndesmoses joints found?
-Middle tibiofibular joint -Middle radio-ulnar joint
Give three physiological functions of bone
- Haemopoiesis in red marrow - Mineral storage in bone matrix - Lipid storage (emergencies) in yellow marrow
What two surfaces does the humerus articulate with?
-The glenoid fossa of the scapula -The trochlea of the ulna and capitulum of radius
What is an isometric contraction?
Where a muscle exerts a force without a change in length
What is the medial border of the anatomical snuff box?
Tendon of the extensor pollicis longus
What type of muscle is pectoralis major?
Convergent
What are the 6 types of synovial joint?
- Hinge - Saddle - Plane - Pivot - Condyloid - Ball and Socket
What nerve is the infraspinatus muscle innervated by?
Suprascapular nerve
Where vein connects the basilic and cephalic vein together?
Median cubital vein
What is the wrist joint formed by?
-Distal end of the radius -Proximal row of the carpal bones (except the pisiform)
What are the main groups of intrinsic muscles that work on the hand?
-Thenar -Hypothenar -Lumbricals -Interossei -Adductor pollicis -Palmaris brevis
What are the main groups of intrinsic muscles that work on the hand?
-Thenar -Hypothenar -Lumbricals -Interossei -Adductor pollicis -Palmaris brevis
What does the floor of the femoral triangle consist of?
-Medially by the pectineus and adductor longus muscles -Laterally by the iliopsoas muscle
What makes up the floor of the femoral triangle? (this is the superior border)
Superiorly by the Inguinal ligament (forms the base of the femoral triangle)
What are the three main distinguishing features of cervical vertebrae?
-Bifid spinous process (two sticky out bits) -Foramen transversarium in each transverse process -Triangular shape
What are the four functions of muscle?
Movement Posture Stability of joints Heat generation
What nerve are the medial two lumbricals innervated by?
Ulnar nerve
What nerve innervates the entire quadriceps femoris?
Femoral nerve
What are the subclavian arteries called after they have passed the lateral border of the 1st rib?
Axillary arteries
What nerve is the supraspinatus muscle innervated by?
Suprascapular nerve
What are the intertransverse ligaments?
Ligaments that extend between the transverse processes of the vertebrae.
What is the action of parathyroid hormone on bone?
PTH released from the parathyroid glands in response to low calcium levels in the blood stimulates the uptake of calcium from bone, kidneys and the intestinal tract to return calcium levels to normal. PTH increases the number and activity of osteoclasts in bone to increase calcium (and phosphate) resorption from bone and stimulate release of the minerals into blood.
Give two functions of the coracobrachialis.
-Flexes arm -Adducts arm
Which muscles produce extension at the elbow joint?
-Triceps brachii -Aconeus
What is the main action of the adductor brevis?
Adduction of the thigh
What is lordosis?
Excessive lumbar curvature, causing a swayback deformity.
What are the 7 main ligaments of the hip called?
-Iliofemoral ligament -Ischiofemoral ligament -Pubofemoral ligament -Transverse acetabular ligament -Sacrotuberous ligament -Sacrospinous ligament -Inguinal ligament
What is the purpose of the foramen transversarium in cervical vertebrae?
The vertebral arteries pass through the holes in each vertebrae as they ascend to supply the brain.
What are the actions of the deltoid muscle? (three different fibres - they do different things)
-Anterior fibres flex the arm at the shoulder -Posterior fibres extend the arm at the shoulder -Middle fibres are the major abductor of the arm - they take over from the supraspinatus (after 15 degrees)
What do the lumbricals do?
They flex at the MCP joint, and extend at the IP joints of each finger
What is the base of the anatomical snuff box?
Carpal bones (scaphoid and trapezium)
What is the function of the subclavius muscle?
Pulls the clavicle medially to stabilise the sternoclavicular joint
Where is the subdeltoid bursae found?
Between deltoid and joint capsule
What actions are fibularis longus and brevis respobsible for?
-Plantarflexion -Eversion of the foot
What is the function of the interosseous membrane of the forearm?
- Divides the forearm into anterior and posterior compartments - Serves as a site of attachment for muscles of the forearm - Transfers forces from the radius, to the ulna, to the humerus
What are the main anatomical features of the distal humerus?
-Coronoid fossa -Radial fossa -Olecranon fossa -Medial and lateral epicondyles -Supraepicondylar ridges -Capitulum -Trochlea
