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ESA 2 > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What structures/landmarks are found on the costal surface of the scapula?

A

-Subscapular fossa -Coracoid process

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1
Q

What two general parts can any vertebrae be split into?

A

-Vertebral body -Vertebral arch

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2
Q

How is the muscle relaxed?

A

Removal of the calcium: -Pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum by Ca2+ pumps -Some binds to calmodulin

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3
Q

What movements do plane synovial joints permit? Give an example of where they can be found.

A

-Gliding -Sliding Acromioclavicular joint

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3
Q

What is the structural defect underlying congenital dislocation of the hip?

A

Underdevelopment of acetabulum and head of femur.

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3
Q

What type of cartilage in the intervertebral disc made of?

A

Fibrocartilage

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4
Q

Where is the subacromial bursae found? What is its function?

A

Between the acromion process of the scapula and the joint capsule. It allows relatively friction free movement of the subscapularis tendon under the coracoacromial arch, and of the deltoid muscle over the joint capsule.

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5
Q

What are the two main functions of the anconeus muscle?

A

-Assists triceps in extension of forearm -Stabilises the elbow joint N.B. may also abduct ulna during pronation

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5
Q

What structures/landmarks are found on the lateral border of the scapula?

A

-Supraglenoid tubercle -Glenoid fossa -Infraglenoid tubercle

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5
Q

What are the medial rotators of the gluteal region?

A

-Gluteus medius -Gluteus minimus

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5
Q

What two nerves innervate the adductor magnus?

A

-Adductor part is innervated by the obturator nerve (L2-L4) -Hamstring part is innervated by the tibial nerve (L4-S3)

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5
Q

What type of movements are permitted at the wrist joint?

A

-Flexion -Extension -Abduction -Adduction

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5
Q

What is the significance of the spinal process of thoracic vertebrae being slanted anteriorly and inferiorly?

A

Increased protection to the spinal cord, preventing an object like a knife entering the spinal canal through the intervetebral discs.

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5
Q

What do the infraspinous and supraspinous ligaments do?

A

Connect the spinous processes of each vertebrae together

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6
Q

Which nerve innervates the gluteus medius and minims?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

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7
Q

Where are suture joints found?

A

Skull

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8
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

Excessive thoracic curvature, causing a hunchback deformity.

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9
Q

What two muscles are responsible for ABduction of the thumb?

A

Abductor pollicis longus and abductor pollicis brevis.

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9
Q

What do the palmar interossei muscles do?

A

Adduct the fingers at the MCP joint

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9
Q

What makes up the floor of the cubital fossa?

A

Brachialis and the supinator muscle

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9
Q

What is the medial wall of the axilla made up of?

A

Serratus anterior and the thoracic wall (ribs and intercostal muscles)

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10
Q

What factors contribute to stability of the shoulder joint?

A

-Rotator cuff muscles attach to the tubercles of the humerus AND the capsule. The tone of the muscles pulls the humerus head into the glenoid cavity, strengthening the joint. -Glenoid labrum deepens the glenoid cavity to reduce risk of dislocation -Ligaments provide additional stability

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10
Q

What nerve innervates the illiacus?

A

Femoral nerve

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10
Q

What action is the supraspinatus muscle responsible for?

A

Abduction of the arm (first 15 degrees)

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11
Q

How many discrete regions can the vertebral column be split into? What are they?

A

-Cervical -Thoracic -Lumbar -Sacral -Coccyx

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12
Q

What is the structural difference between “cutaneous syndactyly” and “osseous syndactyly”?

A

Cutaneous syndactyly:- Webbing of the skin between the fingers and toes results from failure of this tissue breakdown to occur. Osseous syndactyly: In some cases, there is also fusion of the bones.

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12
Q

What are the two actions of the muscle teres major?

A

-Adducts the shoulder -Medially rotates the arm

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12
Q

What nerve roots supply the upper subscapular nerve? Which muscle does this nerve innervate?

A

C6, C7 Works with lower subscapular nerve to innervate the subscapularis

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12
Q

What problems might a vitamin A deficiency have on bone?

A

May cause an imbalance in the ratio of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, thereby slowing the growth rate.

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13
Q

What do the medial and lateral borders of the femoral triangle comprise of?

A

-Medial border by the lateral border of the adductor longus muscle -Lateral border is the medial margin of the sartorius muscle

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13
Q

Where is the subtendinous bursae of the elbow found? What is its function?

A

Found between the olecrannon and the tendon of the triceps brachii, reducing friction between the two structures during extension and flexion of the arm.

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14
Q

What type of joint is the shoulder joint?

A

Ball and socket joint

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15
Q

What two structures does the clavicle articulate with?

A

-Acromion of the scapula -Sternum

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15
Q

What makes up the apex of the axilla?

A

-Lateral border of the first rib -Superior border of scapula -Posterior border of the clavicle

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15
Q

What are the actions of the tibialis posterior?

A

-Inverts the foot -Plantarflexes the foot

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16
Q

What two muscles are responsible for ADduction of the thumb?

A

Adductor pollicis and 1st dorsal interosseous.

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16
Q

What specialisations do lumbar vertebrae have? (also ones that they don’t have)

A

-Large vertebral bodies (kidney shaped) -No foramen transversarium -No costal facets -No bifid spinous processes

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17
Q

What nerve roots supply the medial pectoral nerve?

A

C8 and T1

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18
Q

Which two types of vertebrae have triangular vertebral foramen?

A

Lumbar and cervical (thoracic has a circular one)

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20
Q

Name four structures within the appendicular skeleton.

A
  • Upper limbs - Lower limbs - Scapulae - Pelvis
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20
Q

What nerve innervates the pectineus muscle?

A

`Femoral nerve

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21
Q

Why does the costoclavicular impression occur?

A

Rough oval depression that the costoclavicular ligament binds to.

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22
Q

What type of joint is the elbow joint?

A

Synovial (diarthrosis) hinge joint

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23
Q

What action(s) is Tibialis anterior responsible for?

A

-Dorsiflexion -Inversion of the foot

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24
Q

How is excessive abduction of the wrist prevented?

A

Radial styloid process

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25
Q

What muscle is responsible for opposition of the thumb?

A

Opponens pollicis

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25
Q

What nerve roots supply the long thoracic nerve?

A

C5, C6, C7

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25
Q

What nerve are the lateral two lumbricals innervated by?

A

Median nerve

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25
Q

What nerve are the palmar interossei innervated by?

A

Ulnar nerve

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27
Q

What makes up the superior border of the cubital fossa?

A

Imaginary line between the epicondyles of the humerus.

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27
Q

What action(s) is Extensor hallucis longus responsible for?

A

-Extends the great toe -Dorsiflexes the foot.

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28
Q

What is the main role of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Provides mobility

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29
Q

What four muscles does the quadriceps femoris consist of?

A

-Rectus femoris -Vastus medialis -Vastus intermedius -Vastus lateralis

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30
Q

What is the basic difference between intramembranous and endochondral ossification?

A

Intramembranous – develops directly from mesenchymal tissue Endochondral – develops by replacing hyaline cartilage model.

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30
Q

Where is the subacromial bursae found? What is its function?

A

Between the acromion process of the scapula and the joint capsule. It allows relatively friction free movement of the subscapularis tendon under the coracoacromial arch, and of the deltoid muscle over the joint capsule.

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31
Q

What movements do hinge synovial joints permit? Give an example of where they can be found.

A

-Flexion -Extension Elbow joint

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31
Q

What are the three main functions of the clavicle?

A

-Attaches the upper limb to the trunk. -Protects the underlying neurovascular structures supplying the upper limb. -Transmits force from the upper limb to the axial skeleton.

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32
Q

What treatment options are available for osteoarthritis?

A

-Analgesia -Joint replacement

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33
Q

Which muscles are responsible for medial rotation at the shoulder joint?

A

-Subscapularis -Pectoralis major -Latissimus dorsi -Teres major -Deltoid (anterior)

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34
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

-Sartorius -Rectus femoris -Vastus lateralis -Vastus medialis -Vastus intermedius -Psoas major -Iliacus

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35
Q

Where does the brachial artery bifurcate?

A

The distal end of the cubital fossa

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35
Q

What two surfaces articulate at the shoulder joint?

A

Articulation of the glenoid cavity of the scapula with the head of the humerus

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35
Q

What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the vertebrae?

A

Thinner than the anterior one and prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column

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36
Q

What is the anterior wall of the axilla made up of?

A

Pectoralis major, the underlying pectoralis minor and the subclavius muscles

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36
Q

What type of joints do the vertebrae form with each other? What are their articulating surfaces covered with?

A

Cartilaginous joints lined with hyaline cartilage

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37
Q

What is the anterior border of the anatomical snuff box?

A

Tendons of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis

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38
Q

Which two nerves innervate the gemelli muscles?

A

-Superior gemellus muscle is innervated by the nerve to obturator internus -Inferior gemellus is innervated by the nerve to quadratus femoris

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39
Q

Which two muscles are the superficial extrinsic shoulder muscles?

A

-Trapezius -Latissimus Dorsi

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39
Q

What nerve roots supply the median nerve?

A

C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1

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39
Q

What is the basic difference between intramembranous and endochondral ossification?

A

Intramembranous – develops directly from mesenchymal tissue Endochondral – develops by replacing hyaline cartilage model.

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39
Q

What is cervical spondylosis? Why do patients experience pain?

A

A decrease in the size of the intervertebral foramina, usually due to degeneration of the joints of the spine. The smaller size of the intervertebral foramina puts pressure on the exiting nerves, causing pain.

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41
Q

What are the main anatomical features of the shaft of the humerus?

A

-Radial groove -Deltoid tuberosity

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42
Q

What movements are permitted at the shoulder joint?

A

-Flexion (upper limb forwards in sagittal plane) -Extension (upper limb backwards in sagittal plane) -Abduction (upper limb away from midline in coronal plane) -Adduction (upper limb towards midline in coronal plane) -Medial rotation (rotation towards the midline, so that the thumb is pointing medially) -Lateral rotation (rotation away from the midline, so that the thumb is pointing laterally)

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42
Q

What are the actions of the iliopsoas muscle?

A

-Flexor at the hip joint -Assist in lateral rotation

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43
Q

Where is the costal facet of the thoracic vertebrae found?

A

On the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae

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44
Q

What are the names given to the first and second cervical vertebrae? What is the reason that they have a unique structure?

A

Atlas and Axis (C1 and C2 respectively) Movement of the head.

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45
Q

What is the issue of giving anaesthetics (muscle relaxants) to a patient? How is this overcome?

A

Diaphragm is skeletal muscle - will paralyse the diaphragm. Overcome by ventilating the patient.

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46
Q

What are the three superficial muscles of the gluteal region?

A

-Gluteus maximus -Gluteus minimus -Gluteus medius

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47
Q

What movements do pivot synovial joints permit? Give an example of where they can be found.

A

Rotation Atlantoaxial joint

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47
Q

What movements do ball and socket synovial joints permit? Give an example of where they can be found.

A

Permits movement in many directions i.e. shoulder or hip joint

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47
Q

What nerve is the palmaris brevis innervated by?

A

Ulnar nerve

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48
Q

What bony landmarks can be observed on the inferior surface of the clavicle?

A

-Conoid tubercle -Costoclavicular ligament impression -Trapezoid line

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49
Q

Where does the apex of the femoral triangle occur?

A

Where the medial border of the sartorius crosses the lateral border of the adductor longus.

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50
Q

Which muscles are responsible for extension at the shoulder joint?

A

-Deltoid (posterior) -Latissimus dorsi -Teres major

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51
Q

Which muscles make up the deep layer of the posterior forearm?

A

-Supinator -Abductor pollicis longus -Extensor pollicis brevis -Extensor pollicis longus -Extensor indicis

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51
Q

Which two muscles are the deep extrinsic shoulder muscles?

A

-Levator Scapulae -Rhomboid major and minor

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52
Q

What are the major actions of the sartorius at the hip joint?

A

-Flexor -Abductor -Lateral rotator

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54
Q

What are the 5 main classifications of bone?

A

-Long -Short -Sesamoid -Flat -Irregular

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54
Q

Which ligaments support the shoulder joint?

A

-Coracoacromial -Coracohumeral -Glenohumeral -Transverse humeral

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56
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

-Biceps femoris -Semitendinosus -Semimembranosus

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57
Q

In general anatomical terms where do the cephalic and basilic veins run through the arm?

A

The cephalic vein runs down the antero-lateral aspect of the arm, whereas the basilic vein passes more medially

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58
Q

What makes up the roof of the cubital fossa?

A

-Skin -Fascia Reinforced by bicipital aponeurosis.

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59
Q

How are bones held together in a syndesmoses joint?

A

Interosseous membrane (fibrous sheet)

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59
Q

Which muscles make up the rotator cuff?

A

-Supraspinatus -Infraspinatus -Subscapularis -Teres minor

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60
Q

What nerve roots supply the axillary nerve?

A

C5 and C6

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60
Q

Which muscles are responsible for lateral rotation at the shoulder joint?

A

-Infraspinatus -Teres minor

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61
Q

What is the function of pectoralis major?

A
  • Two heads (sternocostal and clavicular) work together for adduction and medial rotation of the humerus - Clavicular head can carry out flexion by itself
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62
Q

What nerve is the adductor pollicis muscle innervated by?

A

Ulnar nerve

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64
Q

What actions does the gracilis muscle perform?

A

-Adduction of the thigh at the hip -Flexion of the leg at the knee

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65
Q

Which muscles are responsible for pronation at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints?

A

Pronator quadratus and pronator teres

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66
Q

What are the attachments of the biceps brachii muscle? (you need to know this attachment…sorry)

A

-Long head originates from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula -Short head originates from the coracoid process of the scapula. -Two heads combine and then condense to form a tendon, which attaches to the radial tuberosity.

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67
Q

Where are surface markings on bone found?

A

Where fascia, ligaments, tendons or aponeuroses are attached to the bone

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67
Q

What nerve is the sartorius innervated by?

A

Femoral nerve

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67
Q

What is the ligamentum flava?

A

The ligament that connects lamina to lamina

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69
Q

What are synchondroses joined by? Give an example of a synchondroses.

A

Joined by hyaline cartilage, for example, the sterno-costal joints N.B. might not be permanent

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69
Q

What are symphyses joined by? Give three examples of symphyses.

A

Ends of bones covered with hyaline cartilage and joined by fibrocartilage i.e. - Pubic symphysis - Intervertebral discs - Sacro-coccygeal joint.

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69
Q

What action is the subscapularis muscle responsible for?

A

Medial rotation of the arm

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69
Q

Which nerve innervates the trapezius muscle?

A

Accessory nerve

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69
Q

What does the palmaris brevis muscle do?

A

Wrinkles the skin of the hypothenar eminence and deepens the curvature of the hand, improving grip

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70
Q

What do the two demi facets on the thoracic vertebrae articulate with?

A

Head of the rib above and below

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71
Q

What two groups can the interossei be split into?

A

-Dorsal -Palmar

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72
Q

What factors contribute to mobility of the shoulder joint?

A

-Ball and socket joint. -Shallow glenoid cavity and large humeral head -Laxity of the joint capsule

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73
Q

What nerve are the dorsal interossei innervated by?

A

Ulnar nerve

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74
Q

What nerve innervates the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve

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76
Q

What is another name for a cartilaginous joint? What are the two types of cartilaginous joint?

A

Amphiarthroses: - Synchondroses (primary) - Symphyses (secondary)

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76
Q

Which muscles abduct the arm?

A

-Supraspinatus (first 15 degrees) -Deltoid (15-90 degrees) -Trapezius with help from Serratus anterior (90 degrees onwards)

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78
Q

What are the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

-Gracilis -Pectineus -Adductor Longus -Adductor brevis -Adductor magnus -Obtuator externus

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79
Q

What are the actions of the gluteus maximus?

A

-Extensor of the thigh -Assists with lateral rotation (only used when force is required, such as running or climbing.)

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79
Q

What nerve innervates the latissimus dorsi muscle?

A

Thoracodorsal nerve

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79
Q

Which muscles are responsible for supination at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints?

A

Supinator and biceps brachii

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82
Q

What are the three main components of all synovial joints?

A

-Articular surfaces corvered by hyaline cartilage, separated by joint cavity -Synovial membrane (lining cavity) that secretes synovial fluid -Protective capsule surrounds joints.

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83
Q

Which nerve are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm innervated by?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

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83
Q

What nerve roots supply the suprascapular nerve? Which muscles does the suprascapular nerve innervate?

A

C4, C5 and C6 Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus

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84
Q

What type of muscle is biceps brachii?

A

Fusiform

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85
Q

Which muscles make up the deep layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

-Flexor digitorum profundus -Flexor pollicis longus -Pronator quadratus

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87
Q

What are the two major actions of the quadriceps femoris?

A

-Extension at the knee -Flexion at the hip

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87
Q

What movements are the proximal and distal radioulnar joints responsible for?

A

-Pronation -Supination

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88
Q

Out of interest do you know how many muscles attach to the scapula?

A

17 muscles…17 ****ing muscles. I hate my life.

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90
Q

What is the action of the soleus?

A

Plantarflexes the foot at the ankle joint

91
Q

What three muscles are responsible for extension of the thumb?

A

Extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus

91
Q

What nerve roots supply the musculocutaneous nerve?

A

C5, C6 and C7

93
Q

What generally does the radial artery supply in the forearm?

A

Posterior aspect of the forearm

95
Q

What action(s) is Fibularis Tertius responsible for?

A

-Evert the foot -Weak dorsiflexor of the foot

96
Q

What are the main anatomical features of the proximal humerus?

A

-Anatomical neck -Surgical neck -Greater tubercle -Lesser tubercle -Intertubercular sulcus (groove)

98
Q

What are the articulating surfaces in the shoulder joint?

A

Glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus

99
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus? What can it be used as?

A

The remainder of the notochord, it can act as a water reservoir

101
Q

What does the opponens pollicis muscle do?

A

Opposes the thumb, by medially rotating and flexing the metacarpal

103
Q

What four main muscles can be found in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

-Tibialis anterior -Extensor digitorum longus -Extensor hallucis longus -Fibularis Tertius

104
Q

What is the main role of the axial skeleton?

A

Protection for the body’s vulnerable/vital areas

106
Q

What are the four muscles of the superficial layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

-Flexor carpi ulnaris -Palmaris longus -Flexor carpi radialis -Pronator teres

108
Q

What action does the obturator externus perform?

A

Lateral rotation of the thigh

109
Q

What is the function of the apical ectodermal ridge (AER)?

A

Stimulates outgrowth of limb and maintains undifferentiated state in mesenchyme immediately underlying it.

110
Q

Where is the subcutaneous bursae of the elbow formed?

A

Found between the olecrannon and the overlying connective tissue.

111
Q

Where is the subscapular bursae found?

A

Between tendon on subscapularis muscle and the joint capsule.

113
Q

What are the major actions of the sartorius at the knee joint?

A

Flexor

114
Q

How does rotator cuff tendonitis?

A

Rubbing of the tendon of the supraspinatus muscle against the coraco-acromial arch due to reduced subacromial bursa. Painful arc (pain in the middle of abduction) is the common sign, the humeral head rubs against coraco-acromial arch, which in turn causes inflammation of the rotator cuff.

115
Q

What actions is the trapezius muscle responsible for? Again there are three fibres with different actions

A

-Upper fibres elevate and rotate the scapula during abduction of the arm -Middle fibres retract the scapula -Lower fibres pull the scapula inferiorly

116
Q

What nerve roots supply the lateral pectoral nerve?

A

C5, C6 and C7

117
Q

What is the anular radial ligament? What is its function?

A

Radial head is held in place by the anular radial ligament, it forms a collar around the joint. The ligament is lined with a synovial membrane, reducing friction during movement.

118
Q

What is the main actions of the quadratus femoris? Which nerve innervates it?

A

-Lateral rotation Nerve to quadratus femoris

119
Q

Which muscles does the accessory nerve innervate?

A

Trapezius and Sternocleidomastoid

121
Q

What action is the infraspinatus muscle responsible for?

A

Lateral rotation of the arm

122
Q

Why is baseline tone present in muscles when they are at rest?

A

-Motor neuron activity -Muscle elasticity

123
Q

Why do intervertebral discs herniate backwards? (posterior)

A

The anterior longitudinal ligament is stronger than the posterior longitudinal ligament

124
Q

Where is the suprascapular nerve most vulnerable to injury? What does this result in?

A

Vulnerable to injury in fractures of the middle third of the clavicle. Results in the waiter’s tip with initiation of abduction also being affected.

126
Q

What is meromelia?

A

Partial absence of a limb or limbs

127
Q

What action(s) is Extensor digitorum longus responsible for?

A

-Extends the lateral four toes -Dorsiflexes the foot

128
Q

Give two functions of the biceps brachii

A

-Supinates the forearm -Flexes forearm

130
Q

What does the opponens digiti minimi muscle do?

A

It rotates the metacarpal of the little finger towards the palm, producing opposition.

131
Q

Which vein connects the basilic and cephalic veins together?

A

Median cubital vein

133
Q

What does the flexor digit minimi brevis muscle do?

A

Flexes the MCP joint of the little finger

134
Q

What is the function of pectoralis minor?

A

Depresses the tip of the shoulder and therefore protracts the scapula

135
Q

List all the movements of the scapula (six of them) and the principle muscles that produce them.

A

Protraction – Serratus anterior Retraction – (Middle fibres of) trapezius, rhomboids Elevation – (Upper fibres of) trapezius, levator scapulae Depression – (gravity) (relaxation of elevator muscles) Lateral rotation/upward rotation – upper and lower fibres of trapezius Medial rotation/downward rotation – Latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboids (tilt glenoid cavity inferiorly)

136
Q

What generally does the ulnar artery supply in the forearm?

A

Anterior aspect of the forearm

137
Q

What movements do condyloid synovial joints permit? Give an example of where they can be found.

A

-Flexion -Extension -Abduction -Adduction -Circumduction Metacarpal-phalange joints

138
Q

Which nerve are the thenar muscles innervated by?

A

Median nerve

139
Q

What structures/landmarks are found on the posterior surface of the scapula?

A

-Supraspinous fossa -Spine -Infraspinous fossa -Acromion

141
Q

What are the three main types of joints? How much movement is there at each of them?

A
  • Fibrous - Limited movement - Cartilaginous - No/minimal Movement - Synovial - Variety of movements
143
Q

What is the hole between the vertebral arch and body called?

A

Vertebral foramen

144
Q

Where is the subcoracoid bursae found?

A

Between the coracoid process of scapula and joint capsule

146
Q

What 3 muscles make up the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

-Biceps brachii -Brachialis -Coracobrachialis

147
Q

Which nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

Radial nerve

147
Q

What type of joint is the wrist joint?

A

Ellipsoid (condyloid) synovial (diarthrosis) joint

149
Q

What nerve is the deltoid muscle innervated by?

A

Axillary nerve

149
Q

What are the four key functions of the vertebral column?

A

-Protection -Support -Axis -Movement

150
Q

What type of muscle is the deltoid?

A

Multipenate

151
Q

Which side of the scapula is the costal surface?

A

The one facing the ribcage

153
Q

What is the action of the flexor digitorum longus?

A

Flexes the lateral four toes

154
Q

What nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Deep fibular nerve

156
Q

What are the inner and outer bands of the annulus fibrosus (in the intervertebral disc) made out of?

A

Inner bands are fibrocartilaginous and the outer bands are collangeous

158
Q

What action is the teres minor muscle responsible for?

A

Lateral rotation of the arm

159
Q

What four ligaments support the wrist joint?

A

-Palmar radiocarpal -Dorsal radiocarpal -Ulnar collateral -Radial collateral

160
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscles palmaris longus, flexor carpi radialis and pronator teres?

A

Median nerve

162
Q

How does an increase in intracellular calcium produce symptoms of muscle rigidity?

A

An increase in intracellular calcium activates the crossbridge cycle promoting contraction. The sustained release of calcium counteracts the process of re-uptake of calcium back into intracellular stores necessary for relaxation.

163
Q

What is the calcitonin on bone?

A

CT is released from specific thyroid cells (parafollicular cells) in response to elevated calcium levels in the blood. CT causes calcium levels to be lowered by inhibiting osteoclastic activity in bone; it also favours calcium uptake by bone, promoting bone formation and decreasing blood calcium levels.

164
Q

What makes up the lateral border of the cubital fossa?

A

Medial border of the brachioradialis.

165
Q

What are synergists?

A

Assist prime movers (they might prevent any other movement than the desired)

165
Q

Why does the conoid tubercle occur?

A

Attachment point of the conoid ligament - the medial part of the coracoclavicular ligament.

167
Q

What is the purpose of the coracoacromial arch?

A

Prevents superior displacement of the humeral head.

169
Q

What are the two main actions of the levator scapulae muscle?

A

-Elevation of the scapula -Rotation of the scapula pushing the glenohumeral joint inferiorly

171
Q

What are the functions of the articular disc at the distal radioulnar joint?

A

-Binds the radius and ulna together, holds them together during movement at the joint -Separates the distal radioulnar joint from the wrist joint

172
Q

What is the muscle pectoralis minor innervated by?

A
  • Medial pectoral nerve (C8 and T1) (Medial more, Lateral less) i.e. the medial pierces both, lateral only the major
173
Q

What are the main actions of the obtuator internus? Which nerve innervates it?

A

-Lateral rotation -Abduction Nerve to obtuator internus

174
Q

Where is the intratendinous bursae of the elbow formed?

A

Formed with the tendon of the triceps brachii

176
Q

What is the function of the annulus fibrosus?

A

Shock absorber

178
Q

What makes up the inferior margins of the popliteal fossa?

A

Medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius muscle

179
Q

Which muscles are responsible for flexion at the shoulder joint?

A

-Biceps brachii (both heads) -Pectoralis major -Deltoid (anterior) -Coracobrachialis

180
Q

What is the main function of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Articulation with the ribs producing the bony thorax.

181
Q

What are the adductor longus, adductor brevis, obtuator externs and gracilis muscles innervated by?

A

Obturator nerve (L2-L4)

182
Q

What are the three main actions of the rhomboid muscles?

A

-Retract the scapula -Rotation of the scapula pushing the glenohumeral joint inferiorly -Fixes the scapula to the thoracic wall

183
Q

Give three mechanical functions of bone

A
  • Support i.e. a rigid framework - Protection (enclose vital structures & viscera) - Body movement i.e. act as levers with joints, functioning as pivots when muscles contract to cause movement
184
Q

Which nerve is the levator scapulae muscle innervated by?

A

Dorsal scapula nerve

185
Q

What nerve roots supply the ulnar nerve?

A

C8 and T1

186
Q

Why is the trapezoid line formed?

A

It is where the trapezoid ligament (the lateral part of the coracoclavicular ligament) attaches.

187
Q

What is the function of brachialis?

A

Flexes the forearm in all positions

188
Q

What is another name for a fibrous joint? What are the three types of fibrous joint?

A

Synarthroses: - Sutures - Syndesmoses - Gomphoses

190
Q

What muscle is found in the posterior compartment of the arm? What is it innervated by?

A

Triceps brachii Innervated by radial nerve

191
Q

What is the posterior wall of the axilla made up of?

A

Subscapularis, teres major and latissimus dorsi.

193
Q

What is the subclavius muscle innervated by?

A

Nerve to subclavius (C5 and C6)

193
Q

What main structures are contained within the popliteal fossa?

A

-Popliteal artery -Popliteal vein -Tibial nerve -Common fibular nerve

195
Q

What is a slipped disc?

A

A herniation of the nucleus pulposus through the annulus fibrosus when there is degeneration

197
Q

What are the three types of bone cells? For each state their function.

A

-Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells (secrete collagen to form a matrix which is calcified) -Osteocytes are former osteoblast cells that become encased in the bone matrix. -Osteoclasts are bone-breaking cells (resorb bone)

198
Q

How can you test the accessory nerve is functioning correctly?

A

Elevating the shoulder against resistance

199
Q

What is the action of the flexor hallucis longus?

A

Flexes the big toe

200
Q

What two muscles are responsible for flexion of the thumb?

A

Flexor pollicis longus and flexor pollicis brevis

200
Q

What nerve roots supply the thoracodorsal nerve? What muscle does the thoracodorsal nerve innervate?

A

C6, C7 and C8 Latissimus Dorsi

202
Q

What are the main features of the vertebral neural arch?

A

-Spinous process -Transverse process (x2) -Articular process (x2) -Pedicles (x2) -Lamina

203
Q

How come some of the adductor magnus has a different function to other parts?

A

Because of its size, a portion of the adductor magnus can be found in the posterior compartment of the leg, with different functions.

205
Q

What are proprioreceptors?

A

Muscle spindles that detect where your muscles are in 3D space

207
Q

What are the three superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

-Gastrocnemius -Plantaris -Soleus

208
Q

What are the main anatomical features of the ulna?

A

-Olecranon -Coronoid proces -Trochlear notch -Radial notch -Tuberosity of the ulna -Styloid process

209
Q

What makes up the medial border of the cubital fossa?

A

Lateral border of the pronator teres.

211
Q

What nerve is the subscapularis muscle innervated by?

A

Upper and lower subscapular nerve

212
Q

How is the seventh cervical vertebrae different to the rest of the cervical vertebrae?

A

Doesn’t bifurcate - long single spinous process

213
Q

What type of joints are the proximal and distal radioulnar joints?

A

Synovial (diarthrosis) pivot joint

214
Q

Which nerve are the LLOAF muscles innervated by?

A

LLOAF:

  • Lateral Lumbricals (x2)
  • Opponens pollicis
  • Abductor pollicis brevis
  • Flexor pollicis brevis

Are all innervated by the MEDIAN nerve

215
Q

Describe where you would take a lumbar puncture and how you would find the correct site?

A

The highest points of the iliac crests creates a direct line which is a guide to the fourth lumbar vertebral body. The spinal needle can be safely inserted into the subarachnoid space at the L3/4 or L4/5 interspace, since this is well below the termination of the spinal cord.

216
Q

What actions does the pectineus muscle perform?

A

-Adduction -Flexion

217
Q

What are the contents of the cubital fossa? Hint: Really Need Beer To Be At My Nicest

A

-Radial nerve -Biceps tendon -Brachial artery -Median nerve

218
Q

What is the function of serratus anterior?

A
  • Rotates the scapula - Protracts/retracts the scapula
220
Q

What is amelia?

A

A complete absence of a limb or limbs

221
Q

Which nerve innervates the hypothenar muscles?

A

Ulnar nerve

223
Q

What nerve roots supply the dorsal scapular nerve? Which muscles does the dorsal scapular nerve innervate?

A

C4 and C5 Levator Scapulae and the Rhomboids

224
Q

What does the flexor pollicis brevis muscle do?

A

Flexes the MCP joint of the thumb

225
Q

The basilic vein is a continuation of which other vein?

A

Axillary vein

227
Q

What structures run through the radial groove?

A

-Radial never -Profunda brachii artery

228
Q

What actions does the adductor longus perform?

A

-Adduction of the thigh -Medial rotation of the thigh

229
Q

What is the function of erythropoetin?

A

Erythropoietin is released from the kidney when blood oxygen levels are low (e.g., anaemia) to stimulate red blood cell production

230
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

A lateral curvature of the spine.

231
Q

Which muscles are described as the thenar muscles?

A

-Oppenens Pollicis -Abductor Pollicis Brevis -Flexor Pollicis Brevis

233
Q

What do the dorsal interossei muscles do?

A

Abduct the fingers at the MCP joint

234
Q

What nerve is the muscle teres major innervated by?

A

Lower subscapular nerve

235
Q

Which muscle makes up the intermediate layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

236
Q

What nerve innervates the entire posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibial nerve

237
Q

What is the proximal border of the anatomical snuff box?

A

Styloid process of the radius

239
Q

What are the three muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm? What are they all innervated by?

A

Biceps brachii, coracobrachialis and brachialis. Innervated by musculocutaneous nerve

240
Q

What is the main function of lumbar vertebrae?

A

Support the body’s weight

241
Q

What is the approximate mechanical efficiency of muscle?

A

20%

242
Q

What is the muscle serratus anterior innervated by?

A

The long thoracic nerve (Nerve of Bell), a branch of the brachial plexus (C5, 6 and 7)

243
Q

What are the lateral rotators of the gluteal region?

A

-Gluteus maximus -Piriformis -Obturator internus -Obtuator externus (medial thigh muscle seen in the gluteal region) -Quadratus femoris -Gemelli superior

244
Q

What are the main anatomical features of the radius?

A

-Head -Neck -Radial tuberosity -Ulnar notch -Styloid process

245
Q

Which surfaces articulate at the elbow joint?

A

-Trochlear notch of the ulna and the trochlea of the humerus -Head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus

246
Q

Which nerve are the rhomboid major and minor innervated by?

A

Dorsal scapula nerve

247
Q

What nerve innervates the psoas major?

A

Anterior rami of L1-3

248
Q

Where does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

A

Lower border of teres major

249
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscle flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Ulnar nerve

250
Q

What is the clinical significance of the median cubital vein? Why can it be used like this?

A

The main site for taking blood is the median cubital vein. This is because it is easily accessible and the vein is relatively superficial.

252
Q

What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament of the vertebrae?

A

Thick and prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column

253
Q

Which muscles make up the superficial layer of the posterior forearm?

A

-Brachioradialis -Extensor carpi radialis longus -Extensor carpi radialis brevis -Extensor digitorum -Extensor digiti minimi -Extensor carpi ulnaris -Anconeus

254
Q

What nerve roots supply the lower subscapular nerve? Which muscle does this nerve innervate?

A

C5 and C6 Teres major

255
Q

What is the lateral wall of the axilla made up of?

A

Intertubecular groove of the humerus

257
Q

What nerve roots supply the nerve to subclavius?

A

C5 and C6

258
Q

What are the main actions of the gemelli?

A

-Lateral rotation -Abduction

259
Q

What are the four main attachments of the flexor retinaculum of the wrist?

A

-Radial side to the tubercle of the scaphoid -Radial side to the ridge of the trapezium -Ulnar side to the pisiform -Ulnar side to the hook of the hamate.

260
Q

What type of receptors does Ach bind to on the neuromuscular junction end plate?

A

Nicotinic receptors

261
Q

What are the actions of the popliteus?

A

-Laterally rotates the femur on the tibia – ‘unlocking’ the joint so that flexion at the knee joint can occur

262
Q

What are the actions of the gluteus medius and minims?

A

-Abduction -Prevents pelvic drop -With the hip flexed, it is a medial rotator.

264
Q

What are the two types of isotonic contraction?

A

-Concentric where muscle shortens -Eccentric where muscle exerts a force while being extended

265
Q

What movements do saddle synovial joints permit? Give an example of where they can be found.

A

-Concave -Convex 1st metacarpal-phalange joint

266
Q

What two main muscles can be found in the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

-Fibularis brevis -Fibularis longus

267
Q

What are the three main actions of the latissimus dorsi?

A

-Extension of the arm at the shoulder -Adduction at the shoulder -Medial rotation of the arm

268
Q

What is the muscle pectoralis major innervated by?

A
  • Medial pectoral nerve (C8 and T1) - Lateral pectoral nerve (C5, 6 and 7) (Medial more, Lateral less) i.e. the medial pierces both, lateral only the major
269
Q

Which muscles are responsible for adduction at the shoulder joint?

A

-Pectoralis major -Latissimus dorsi -Teres major

271
Q

What are the main actions of the piriformis? Which nerve innervates it?

A

-Lateral rotation -Abduction Nerve to piriformis

272
Q

What process, within the muscle fibre, causes skeletal muscle relaxation?

A

The active transport of calcium ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

273
Q

What are the main actions of the adductor magnus?

A

-Adduct the thigh -Flexes the thigh -Extension of the thigh

274
Q

Which muscles are described as the hypothenar muscles?

A

-Opponens digiti minimi -Abductor digiti minimi -Flexor digiti minimi brevis

275
Q

What are the actions of the gastrocnemius and plantaris?

A

-Plantarflexes the foot -Flexes at the knee (crosses the knee)

276
Q

What two muscles make up the iliopsoas?

A

Iliacus and Psoas major

277
Q

The sacrum is a fused bone made up of how many smaller bone?

A

Five

278
Q

What makes up the superior margins of the popliteal fossa?

A

-Laterally by the biceps femoris muscle -Medially by the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscle

279
Q

What are the four deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

-Popliteus -Tibialis posterior -Flexor digitorum longus -Flexor hallucis longus

280
Q

Which nerve innervates the gluteus maximus?

A

Inferior gluteal nerve

282
Q

What nerve roots supply the radial nerve?

A

C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1

283
Q

Where are gomphoses joints found?

A

Where the teeth articulate with the maxillae/mandible

284
Q

Where are syndesmoses joints found?

A

-Middle tibiofibular joint -Middle radio-ulnar joint

285
Q

Give three physiological functions of bone

A
  • Haemopoiesis in red marrow - Mineral storage in bone matrix - Lipid storage (emergencies) in yellow marrow
287
Q

What two surfaces does the humerus articulate with?

A

-The glenoid fossa of the scapula -The trochlea of the ulna and capitulum of radius

288
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

Where a muscle exerts a force without a change in length

289
Q

What is the medial border of the anatomical snuff box?

A

Tendon of the extensor pollicis longus

290
Q

What type of muscle is pectoralis major?

A

Convergent

291
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joint?

A
  • Hinge - Saddle - Plane - Pivot - Condyloid - Ball and Socket
292
Q

What nerve is the infraspinatus muscle innervated by?

A

Suprascapular nerve

293
Q

Where vein connects the basilic and cephalic vein together?

A

Median cubital vein

294
Q

What is the wrist joint formed by?

A

-Distal end of the radius -Proximal row of the carpal bones (except the pisiform)

295
Q

What are the main groups of intrinsic muscles that work on the hand?

A

-Thenar -Hypothenar -Lumbricals -Interossei -Adductor pollicis -Palmaris brevis

296
Q

What are the main groups of intrinsic muscles that work on the hand?

A

-Thenar -Hypothenar -Lumbricals -Interossei -Adductor pollicis -Palmaris brevis

297
Q

What does the floor of the femoral triangle consist of?

A

-Medially by the pectineus and adductor longus muscles -Laterally by the iliopsoas muscle

299
Q

What makes up the floor of the femoral triangle? (this is the superior border)

A

Superiorly by the Inguinal ligament (forms the base of the femoral triangle)

300
Q

What are the three main distinguishing features of cervical vertebrae?

A

-Bifid spinous process (two sticky out bits) -Foramen transversarium in each transverse process -Triangular shape

301
Q

What are the four functions of muscle?

A

Movement Posture Stability of joints Heat generation

302
Q

What nerve are the medial two lumbricals innervated by?

A

Ulnar nerve

303
Q

What nerve innervates the entire quadriceps femoris?

A

Femoral nerve

304
Q

What are the subclavian arteries called after they have passed the lateral border of the 1st rib?

A

Axillary arteries

305
Q

What nerve is the supraspinatus muscle innervated by?

A

Suprascapular nerve

306
Q

What are the intertransverse ligaments?

A

Ligaments that extend between the transverse processes of the vertebrae.

307
Q

What is the action of parathyroid hormone on bone?

A

PTH released from the parathyroid glands in response to low calcium levels in the blood stimulates the uptake of calcium from bone, kidneys and the intestinal tract to return calcium levels to normal. PTH increases the number and activity of osteoclasts in bone to increase calcium (and phosphate) resorption from bone and stimulate release of the minerals into blood.

308
Q

Give two functions of the coracobrachialis.

A

-Flexes arm -Adducts arm

309
Q

Which muscles produce extension at the elbow joint?

A

-Triceps brachii -Aconeus

310
Q

What is the main action of the adductor brevis?

A

Adduction of the thigh

311
Q

What is lordosis?

A

Excessive lumbar curvature, causing a swayback deformity.

312
Q

What are the 7 main ligaments of the hip called?

A

-Iliofemoral ligament -Ischiofemoral ligament -Pubofemoral ligament -Transverse acetabular ligament -Sacrotuberous ligament -Sacrospinous ligament -Inguinal ligament

313
Q

What is the purpose of the foramen transversarium in cervical vertebrae?

A

The vertebral arteries pass through the holes in each vertebrae as they ascend to supply the brain.

314
Q

What are the actions of the deltoid muscle? (three different fibres - they do different things)

A

-Anterior fibres flex the arm at the shoulder -Posterior fibres extend the arm at the shoulder -Middle fibres are the major abductor of the arm - they take over from the supraspinatus (after 15 degrees)

315
Q

What do the lumbricals do?

A

They flex at the MCP joint, and extend at the IP joints of each finger

316
Q

What is the base of the anatomical snuff box?

A

Carpal bones (scaphoid and trapezium)

317
Q

What is the function of the subclavius muscle?

A

Pulls the clavicle medially to stabilise the sternoclavicular joint

318
Q

Where is the subdeltoid bursae found?

A

Between deltoid and joint capsule

319
Q

What actions are fibularis longus and brevis respobsible for?

A

-Plantarflexion -Eversion of the foot

320
Q

What is the function of the interosseous membrane of the forearm?

A
  • Divides the forearm into anterior and posterior compartments - Serves as a site of attachment for muscles of the forearm - Transfers forces from the radius, to the ulna, to the humerus
321
Q

What are the main anatomical features of the distal humerus?

A

-Coronoid fossa -Radial fossa -Olecranon fossa -Medial and lateral epicondyles -Supraepicondylar ridges -Capitulum -Trochlea

ESA 2 (5 decks)

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