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Bones > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of a Bone

A

Structure
Support
Movement
Protection
Hematopoiesis
Contains stem cells
Calcium store

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2
Q

2 parts of skeleton

A

Axial
-skull
-vertebrae
-ribs
-sternum
-sacrum

Apendicular
-Limbs
-clavicle
-scapula
-pelvis

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3
Q

Bone

A

Hard connective tissue- good for load bearing, movement, protection
Dynamic living tissue- good for adapting to metabolic needs/ functions
Highly vascularised

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4
Q

Cartilage

A

Avascular and less dynamic
Elastic
Fibrocartilge
Hyaline

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5
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

More flexible, found in the ear, nose, epiglottis

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6
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Semi-rigid, good for connecting bone to bone

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7
Q

Hyaline/articular cartilage

A

Precursor to some bone formation. Smooth, low friction surface good for free movement of joints.

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8
Q

Classification of Bones

A

Long- support weight and facilitate movement
Short- Help with stability and finer movements
Sesamoid- embedded in tondons
Irregular- Complex shapes
Flat - Protect internal organs

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9
Q

Structure of a long bone

A

Epiphysis- head, half in the joint
Diaphysis - Shaft of bone
Metaphysis- Location of epiphyseal plates during bone growth

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10
Q

Ossification

A

When the cartilage which forms in the preliminary bone is replaced and calcium deposited
Bones to not ossify at the same rate- differs person to person
Cuniforms dont appear until ages 1-3

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11
Q

Perichondrium

A

Can lay down more cartilige

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12
Q

Periosteum

A

Can lay down more bone
Very active
Heals fractures

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13
Q

Trabecular Bone

A

Spongy bone

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14
Q

Compact bone

A

Contains medullary cavity- site of hematopoiesis

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15
Q

Dynamic bone

A

External forces
Weight- travels along the trabeculae into compact bone
Pull forces exerted on compact bone by attached muscle

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16
Q

Bone Markings

A

Different parts and surface markings to identify attachment sites and where structures are adjacent to the bones

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17
Q

Fossa

A

Hollow or depressed area

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18
Q

Crest

A

Ridge of bone

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19
Q

Ramus

A

Branch- a thin part of bone joining a thicker part

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20
Q

Spine

A

Sharp process jutting out from bone

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21
Q

Foramen

A

a round/oval hole in a bone that structures pass through

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22
Q

Tubercle

A

Small, elevated process

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23
Q

Tuberosity

A

Large, rounded eminence that may have a rough surface

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24
Q

Joints- types

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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25
Q

Fibrous

A

Composed of articulating bones joined by dense collagen fibres
* Little elasticity
* Allow no empty spaces between surfaces
* Fibrous connective tissue forms union of irregular bones along full common borders
* Allows no movement and called synarthrosis
* Three types of fibrous joints: suture; syndesmosis; and gomphosis
o Suture example: bones of cranium in adult, no movement
o Syndesmosis example: interosseous ligament between tibia and fibula, slight movement
o Gomphosis example: root of tooth attaches to jaw, no movement

26
Q

Catrilagenou

A

Catrilagenous Joints- primary and secondry
* Cartilage is tissue also made of collagen
* Similar to bone and fibrous tissue but lacks calcium
* No blood or nutrient supply to cartilage
* Flexible and strong and good shock absorber
* Three types of cartilage: hyaline; elastic; and fibrocartilage
* Two types of cartilaginous joints: synchondrosis and symphysis
* There are no empty spaces between surfaces of cartilaginous joints

27
Q

Synovial joints

A
  • Most common type in body
  • Freely movable
  • Examples: shoulder, hip, knee etc.
  • Called diarthrosis or diarthrotic joint movement
  • Six types responsible for specific functional movement
  • Movements occur on three planes; the number of planes a joint moves on is the degree of movement or freedom
  • Elements allow movement and simultaneous joint integrity and stability:
    o Articular cartilage; synovial cavity; joint capsule; synovial membrane; synovial fluid and ligaments
28
Q

Synovial joint types

A

Ball and socket- multiracial movement
Hinge - flexion/extension
Saddle - biaxial movement and circumlocution
Condyloid - biaxial- freer in one plane with some circumlocution
Gliding - uniaxial gliding movement
Pivot - rotation around central axis

29
Q

bursa

A

filled sac to protect tendons and ligamants

30
Q

muscle

A

Contractile tissue that causes movement
3 types: smooth, cardiac, skeletal

31
Q

skeletal

A

moves bone at joint
has origin- the fixed or proximal attached point
has insertion- the moveable or distal attached point

32
Q

tendon

A

bone to muscle

33
Q

ligaments

A

bone to bone

34
Q

muscle shape

A

2 principles
degree of contraction required
- proportions to the length of muscle fibre
amount of power required
- proportional to number of muscle fibrils and motor units

35
Q

motor units

A

nerve connected to myofibril at neuromuscular junction

36
Q

Deep Fascia

A

groups muscles into compartments
allows smooth muscle movement
stops spread of infection

37
Q

muscle compartments

A

collection of tissue (mostly muscle) that is enclosed by fascia (connective tissue)

38
Q

Muscle Compartments- Arm

A

Anterior (flexor) compartment
Posterior (extensor) compartment

39
Q

Muscle Compartments- Arm

A

Anterior (flexor) compartment
Posterior (extensor) compartment

40
Q

Muscle Compartments- forearm

A

Anterior (flexor) compartment
Posterior (extensor) compartment

41
Q

Muscle Compartments- thigh

A

Anterior (extensor) compartment
Medial (adductor) compartment
Posterior (flexor) compartment

42
Q

Muscle Compartments- leg

A

Anterior (dorsiflexion) compartment
Lateral (eversion) compartment
Posterior (plantar flexion) compartment

43
Q

Compartment Syndrome

A

oedema collecting in a muscle compartment. Compress nevres and the veins due to pressure.
Fluid cannot flow out of limb

Pain out of proportion
Palpably tense compartment
Pain with passive stretch
Paraesthesia/hypoaesthesia
Paralysis
Pulselessness/pallor

treatment- fasciotomy- hole made to allow fluid to drain out

44
Q

peripheral nerves- arm

A

musculocutaneous nerve
radial nerve
ulnar nerve
median nerve

45
Q

peripheral nerves- leg

A

obturator nerve
sciatic nerve
common fibular nerve
tibial nerve
deep fibular nerve
superficial nerve

46
Q

Agonist muscle

A

Prime mover- shortens muscle to provide desired movement

47
Q

Antagonist Muscle

A

Opposes agonist, proportionally relaxed on agonist contraction

48
Q

concentric contraction

A

muscles actively shortening

49
Q

isometric contraction

A

muscle actively maintains contractions

50
Q

eccentric contraction

A

muscles actively lengthening

51
Q

synergist

A

prevents unwanted movement if agonist acted alone

52
Q

fixators

A

essential fixators- clamp proximal joints to allow movement of dorsal joints
postural fixators- prevent change in body position due to shifts in centre of gravity

53
Q

muscle tone

A

even when relaxed muscles remain slightly contracted
no movement but stabilises joints and maintains posture

54
Q

Surface anatomy- Arm

A

clavicle
acromion
coracoid process
deltoid tuberosity
lateral epicondyle
medial epicondyle

medial and lateral inter muscular septum

55
Q

Surface anatomy- foreman

A

Radial head
Lateral border of radius
Medial border of ulna
Ulnar styloid
Radial styloid

medial, lateral, interosseous intermuscular septum
olecranon- elbow

56
Q

Surface anatomy- thigh

A

Iliac crest
greater trochanter
medial femoral epicondyle
lateral femoral epicondyle
patella
lateral, medial, posterior inter muscular septum

57
Q

Surface anatomy- leg

A

tibial plateau
head of fibula
tibial tuberosity
anterior tibia
medial malleolus
lateral malleolus

58
Q

vascular of the upper limb

A

aortic arch
brachiocephalic
subclavian and common carotid
axillary
brachial artery
radial and ulnar
superficial and deep palmer arch

59
Q

Deep veins

A

same name and locations arteries

60
Q

Superficial veins

A

Basilic and cephalic

61
Q

vasculature of the lower limbs

A

common iliac arteries
external external an internal iliac arteries
common femoral atery
deep and superficial arteries
popliteal
posterior and anterior tibial artery
Doral pedis artery

Bones (2 decks)

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