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Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of a Bone

A

Structure
Support
Movement
Protection
Hematopoiesis
Contains stem cells
Calcium store

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2
Q

2 parts of skeleton

A

Axial
-skull
-vertebrae
-ribs
-sternum
-sacrum

Apendicular
-Limbs
-clavicle
-scapula
-pelvis

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3
Q

Bone

A

Hard connective tissue- good for load bearing, movement, protection
Dynamic living tissue- good for adapting to metabolic needs/ functions
Highly vascularised

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4
Q

Cartilage

A

Avascular and less dynamic
Elastic
Fibrocartilge
Hyaline

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5
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

More flexible, found in the ear, nose, epiglottis

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6
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Semi-rigid, good for connecting bone to bone

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7
Q

Hyaline/articular cartilage

A

Precursor to some bone formation. Smooth, low friction surface good for free movement of joints.

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8
Q

Classification of Bones

A

Long- support weight and facilitate movement
Short- Help with stability and finer movements
Sesamoid- embedded in tondons
Irregular- Complex shapes
Flat - Protect internal organs

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9
Q

Structure of a long bone

A

Epiphysis- head, half in the joint
Diaphysis - Shaft of bone
Metaphysis- Location of epiphyseal plates during bone growth

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10
Q

Ossification

A

When the cartilage which forms in the preliminary bone is replaced and calcium deposited
Bones to not ossify at the same rate- differs person to person
Cuniforms dont appear until ages 1-3

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11
Q

Perichondrium

A

Can lay down more cartilige

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12
Q

Periosteum

A

Can lay down more bone
Very active
Heals fractures

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13
Q

Trabecular Bone

A

Spongy bone

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14
Q

Compact bone

A

Contains medullary cavity- site of hematopoiesis

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15
Q

Dynamic bone

A

External forces
Weight- travels along the trabeculae into compact bone
Pull forces exerted on compact bone by attached muscle

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16
Q

Bone Markings

A

Different parts and surface markings to identify attachment sites and where structures are adjacent to the bones

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17
Q

Fossa

A

Hollow or depressed area

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18
Q

Crest

A

Ridge of bone

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19
Q

Ramus

A

Branch- a thin part of bone joining a thicker part

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20
Q

Spine

A

Sharp process jutting out from bone

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21
Q

Foramen

A

a round/oval hole in a bone that structures pass through

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22
Q

Tubercle

A

Small, elevated process

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23
Q

Tuberosity

A

Large, rounded eminence that may have a rough surface

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24
Q

Joints- types

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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25
Fibrous
Composed of articulating bones joined by dense collagen fibres * Little elasticity * Allow no empty spaces between surfaces * Fibrous connective tissue forms union of irregular bones along full common borders * Allows no movement and called synarthrosis * Three types of fibrous joints: suture; syndesmosis; and gomphosis o Suture example: bones of cranium in adult, no movement o Syndesmosis example: interosseous ligament between tibia and fibula, slight movement o Gomphosis example: root of tooth attaches to jaw, no movement
26
Catrilagenou
Catrilagenous Joints- primary and secondry * Cartilage is tissue also made of collagen * Similar to bone and fibrous tissue but lacks calcium * No blood or nutrient supply to cartilage * Flexible and strong and good shock absorber * Three types of cartilage: hyaline; elastic; and fibrocartilage * Two types of cartilaginous joints: synchondrosis and symphysis * There are no empty spaces between surfaces of cartilaginous joints
27
Synovial joints
* Most common type in body * Freely movable * Examples: shoulder, hip, knee etc. * Called diarthrosis or diarthrotic joint movement * Six types responsible for specific functional movement * Movements occur on three planes; the number of planes a joint moves on is the degree of movement or freedom * Elements allow movement and simultaneous joint integrity and stability: o Articular cartilage; synovial cavity; joint capsule; synovial membrane; synovial fluid and ligaments
28
Synovial joint types
Ball and socket- multiracial movement Hinge - flexion/extension Saddle - biaxial movement and circumlocution Condyloid - biaxial- freer in one plane with some circumlocution Gliding - uniaxial gliding movement Pivot - rotation around central axis
29
bursa
filled sac to protect tendons and ligamants
30
muscle
Contractile tissue that causes movement 3 types: smooth, cardiac, skeletal
31
skeletal
moves bone at joint has origin- the fixed or proximal attached point has insertion- the moveable or distal attached point
32
tendon
bone to muscle
33
ligaments
bone to bone
34
muscle shape
2 principles degree of contraction required - proportions to the length of muscle fibre amount of power required - proportional to number of muscle fibrils and motor units
35
motor units
nerve connected to myofibril at neuromuscular junction
36
Deep Fascia
groups muscles into compartments allows smooth muscle movement stops spread of infection
37
muscle compartments
collection of tissue (mostly muscle) that is enclosed by fascia (connective tissue)
38
Muscle Compartments- Arm
Anterior (flexor) compartment Posterior (extensor) compartment
39
Muscle Compartments- Arm
Anterior (flexor) compartment Posterior (extensor) compartment
40
Muscle Compartments- forearm
Anterior (flexor) compartment Posterior (extensor) compartment
41
Muscle Compartments- thigh
Anterior (extensor) compartment Medial (adductor) compartment Posterior (flexor) compartment
42
Muscle Compartments- leg
Anterior (dorsiflexion) compartment Lateral (eversion) compartment Posterior (plantar flexion) compartment
43
Compartment Syndrome
oedema collecting in a muscle compartment. Compress nevres and the veins due to pressure. Fluid cannot flow out of limb Pain out of proportion Palpably tense compartment Pain with passive stretch Paraesthesia/hypoaesthesia Paralysis Pulselessness/pallor treatment- fasciotomy- hole made to allow fluid to drain out
44
peripheral nerves- arm
musculocutaneous nerve radial nerve ulnar nerve median nerve
45
peripheral nerves- leg
obturator nerve sciatic nerve common fibular nerve tibial nerve deep fibular nerve superficial nerve
46
Agonist muscle
Prime mover- shortens muscle to provide desired movement
47
Antagonist Muscle
Opposes agonist, proportionally relaxed on agonist contraction
48
concentric contraction
muscles actively shortening
49
isometric contraction
muscle actively maintains contractions
50
eccentric contraction
muscles actively lengthening
51
synergist
prevents unwanted movement if agonist acted alone
52
fixators
essential fixators- clamp proximal joints to allow movement of dorsal joints postural fixators- prevent change in body position due to shifts in centre of gravity
53
muscle tone
even when relaxed muscles remain slightly contracted no movement but stabilises joints and maintains posture
54
Surface anatomy- Arm
clavicle acromion coracoid process deltoid tuberosity lateral epicondyle medial epicondyle medial and lateral inter muscular septum
55
Surface anatomy- foreman
Radial head Lateral border of radius Medial border of ulna Ulnar styloid Radial styloid medial, lateral, interosseous intermuscular septum olecranon- elbow
56
Surface anatomy- thigh
Iliac crest greater trochanter medial femoral epicondyle lateral femoral epicondyle patella lateral, medial, posterior inter muscular septum
57
Surface anatomy- leg
tibial plateau head of fibula tibial tuberosity anterior tibia medial malleolus lateral malleolus
58
vascular of the upper limb
aortic arch brachiocephalic subclavian and common carotid axillary brachial artery radial and ulnar superficial and deep palmer arch
59
Deep veins
same name and locations arteries
60
Superficial veins
Basilic and cephalic
61
vasculature of the lower limbs
common iliac arteries external external an internal iliac arteries common femoral atery deep and superficial arteries popliteal posterior and anterior tibial artery Doral pedis artery

Bones (2 decks)

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