Musculoskeletal revision lectures Flashcards
increased mobility increases/decreases stability?
decreases
types of fibrous joint?
sydesmoses (interosseous membranes), sutures (coronal)
Which fibrous joint is more stable?
sutures
Type of fibrous joint in neonates, and function of these?
Fontanelles - allow growing frontal, parietal, temp and occipital bones to slide over one another
Types of cartilaginous joints?
Primary (synchondroses)
Secondary (symphyses)
Type of cartilage in primary and example of location?
hyaline cartilage - epiphyseal growth plate (long bones)
Type of cartilage in secondary and example of location?
fibrocartilage - intervertebral discs (strong but slightly moveable)
What happens following the full growth an epiphyseal growth plate?
fusion and ossification
Primary cartilaginous joint slip example?
slipped femoral epiphysis
Secondary cartilaginous joint slip example?
slipped disc
outer ring of secondary cartilaginous joint?
outer fibrous annulus fibrosus (ring of fibrocartilage)
Inner area of secondary cartilaginous joint?
inner soft nucleus pulposus
where do synovial joints occur?
where 2 or more bones articulate
hyaline cartilage covers which surfaces?
articular surfaces
A capsule wraps around the joint, what does this capsule consist of?
superficial strong fibrous layer, deeper synovial membrane layer (secretion of synovial fluid)
What is the structure and function of ligaments?
fibrous bands, connect bone to bone to improve stability
Structure, function and attachment of tendons to synovial joints?
Fibrous bands, attach bone to skeletal muscle, insert onto bones at either side of the joint
structure and function of bursae?
extensions of joint cavity or independent pockets of the joint cavity, prevent friction around the joint
name an example of a special feature of a synovial joint?
articular disc in TMJ
Name the 5 subtypes of synovial joints?
pivot, ball & socket, plane, hinge and biaxial
Most to least stable type of joint?
fibrous > cartilaginous > synovial
step before subluxation/ dislocation?
ligament injury +/- slipped disc but articular surfaces still in normal anatomical relation to one another
Define subluxation?
reduced area of contact between articular surfaces
Define dislocation?
complete loss of contact between articular surfaces
TMJ articulates which bones?
mandibular fossa, articular tubercle and head of the condylar process of the mandible
what happens in dislocation of the TMJ?
head of consular process becomes stuck anterior to the articular tubercle of the temporal bone
what is a dangerous complication of dislocation of a joint?
damaged blood supply = reduced blood flow distal to the joint
what is a common feature of joint blood supply?
anastomoses - joins in the arteries allowing blood flow in all directions of movement of the joint
what are the three different types of muscle?
cardiac, skeletal and smooth
Cardiac muscle features:
involuntary & striated
Smooth muscle features:
involuntary & non-striated
skeletal muscle features:
voluntary & striated
describe the structure of skeletal muscle?
whole muscle > fasicles > muscle fibres > myofibrils > actin & myosin filaments
what causes the striated appearance of skeletal muscle?
the overlapping nature of actin and myocin
what happens when you “pull” a muscle?
some of the muscle fibres are torn
what are the necessary features for a skeletal muscle to move a joint?
They must span the joint and attach to the bones on either side
what is an aponeurosis?
a flattened tendon - commonly associated with fat muscles (e.g rectus abdominus)
what are the 2 points of attachment of skeletal muscle to bone?
the origin and the insertion
what happens to the distance between the insertion and origin during contraction?
it shortens - as the muscle fibres shorten (only thing a skeletal muscle is capable of)
