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Year 2 > Musculoskeletal revision lectures > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal revision lectures Flashcards

1
Q

increased mobility increases/decreases stability?

A

decreases

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2
Q

types of fibrous joint?

A

sydesmoses (interosseous membranes), sutures (coronal)

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3
Q

Which fibrous joint is more stable?

A

sutures

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4
Q

Type of fibrous joint in neonates, and function of these?

A

Fontanelles - allow growing frontal, parietal, temp and occipital bones to slide over one another

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5
Q

Types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Primary (synchondroses)

Secondary (symphyses)

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6
Q

Type of cartilage in primary and example of location?

A

hyaline cartilage - epiphyseal growth plate (long bones)

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7
Q

Type of cartilage in secondary and example of location?

A

fibrocartilage - intervertebral discs (strong but slightly moveable)

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8
Q

What happens following the full growth an epiphyseal growth plate?

A

fusion and ossification

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9
Q

Primary cartilaginous joint slip example?

A

slipped femoral epiphysis

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10
Q

Secondary cartilaginous joint slip example?

A

slipped disc

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11
Q

outer ring of secondary cartilaginous joint?

A

outer fibrous annulus fibrosus (ring of fibrocartilage)

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12
Q

Inner area of secondary cartilaginous joint?

A

inner soft nucleus pulposus

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13
Q

where do synovial joints occur?

A

where 2 or more bones articulate

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14
Q

hyaline cartilage covers which surfaces?

A

articular surfaces

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15
Q

A capsule wraps around the joint, what does this capsule consist of?

A

superficial strong fibrous layer, deeper synovial membrane layer (secretion of synovial fluid)

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16
Q

What is the structure and function of ligaments?

A

fibrous bands, connect bone to bone to improve stability

17
Q

Structure, function and attachment of tendons to synovial joints?

A

Fibrous bands, attach bone to skeletal muscle, insert onto bones at either side of the joint

18
Q

structure and function of bursae?

A

extensions of joint cavity or independent pockets of the joint cavity, prevent friction around the joint

19
Q

name an example of a special feature of a synovial joint?

A

articular disc in TMJ

20
Q

Name the 5 subtypes of synovial joints?

A

pivot, ball & socket, plane, hinge and biaxial

21
Q

Most to least stable type of joint?

A

fibrous > cartilaginous > synovial

22
Q

step before subluxation/ dislocation?

A

ligament injury +/- slipped disc but articular surfaces still in normal anatomical relation to one another

23
Q

Define subluxation?

A

reduced area of contact between articular surfaces

24
Q

Define dislocation?

A

complete loss of contact between articular surfaces

25
Q

TMJ articulates which bones?

A

mandibular fossa, articular tubercle and head of the condylar process of the mandible

26
Q

what happens in dislocation of the TMJ?

A

head of consular process becomes stuck anterior to the articular tubercle of the temporal bone

27
Q

what is a dangerous complication of dislocation of a joint?

A

damaged blood supply = reduced blood flow distal to the joint

28
Q

what is a common feature of joint blood supply?

A

anastomoses - joins in the arteries allowing blood flow in all directions of movement of the joint

29
Q

what are the three different types of muscle?

A

cardiac, skeletal and smooth

30
Q

Cardiac muscle features:

A

involuntary & striated

31
Q

Smooth muscle features:

A

involuntary & non-striated

32
Q

skeletal muscle features:

A

voluntary & striated

33
Q

describe the structure of skeletal muscle?

A

whole muscle > fasicles > muscle fibres > myofibrils > actin & myosin filaments

34
Q

what causes the striated appearance of skeletal muscle?

A

the overlapping nature of actin and myocin

35
Q

what happens when you “pull” a muscle?

A

some of the muscle fibres are torn

36
Q

what are the necessary features for a skeletal muscle to move a joint?

A

They must span the joint and attach to the bones on either side

37
Q

what is an aponeurosis?

A

a flattened tendon - commonly associated with fat muscles (e.g rectus abdominus)

38
Q

what are the 2 points of attachment of skeletal muscle to bone?

A

the origin and the insertion

39
Q

what happens to the distance between the insertion and origin during contraction?

A

it shortens - as the muscle fibres shorten (only thing a skeletal muscle is capable of)

Year 2 (2 decks)

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