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PF3012 > Musculoskeletal Physiology > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft which contains the marrow cavity

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2
Q

Epiphysis

A

Bone ends

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3
Q

Compact bone

A

Dense layers of bone

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4
Q

Spongy bone

A

Small flat pieces (trabeculae)
Highly porous and contain red marrow

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5
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Cushions opposing bone ends and absorbs stress caused by movement

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6
Q

How many different types of bone marrow?

A

2 - yellow and red

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7
Q

Function of red bone marrow

A

-important for haematopoiesis

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8
Q

Function of yellow bone marrow

A
  • Fatty connective tissue
  • Utilises this fat during starvation
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9
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

They make bone

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10
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

They are terminally differentiated osteoblasts which are surrounded by calcified matrix made from hydroxyapatite

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11
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

They secrete acid to breakdown hydroxyapatite and enzymes to breakdown osteoid (resporption)

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12
Q

List the steps in bone deposition by osteoblasts

A
  1. stimulation
  2. differentiation
  3. matrix synthesis
  4. mineralization
  5. maturation
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13
Q

List the steps in bone resorption

A
  1. activation
  2. attachment
  3. acidification
  4. enzymatic degradation
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14
Q

3 purposes of bone remodelling

A
  1. calcium/Pi balance
  2. shaping skeletal architecture during development
  3. repair
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15
Q

what is the osteoid

A

Unmineralised matrix that provides the framework for new bone formation

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16
Q

What gives bone its hardness and strength?

A

Hydroxyapatite crystals

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17
Q

At what sites do osteoclasts attach onto the bone?

A

Howship’s lacunae or resorption pits

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18
Q

Give two examples of enzymes secreted by osteoclasts and what do they do?

A

acid phosphatase and cathepsin K - they break down organic components of the bone matrix, primarily collagen type 1

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19
Q

Describe the structure of tendons and ligaments

A

dense regular connective tissue.
Collagen fibres located in parallel, tightly packed with little room for extracellular matrix and cells

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20
Q

What are bursae and what are their functions?

A
  • flat, fibrous, fluid-filled sacs
  • closely related to synovial joints, act to reduce friction of joint movement between structures
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21
Q

where are bursae located

A

Between bones, ligaments, muscles, skin or tendons that rub together

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22
Q

What are articulations?

A

Junctions/ joints between bones

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23
Q

list the 3 classifications of articulations?

A
  • immoveable
  • slightly moveable
  • freely moveable
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24
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A

Bones that closely connect each other - joined by very dense connective tissuee

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25
example of fibrous joints
sutures of skull gomphoses of teeth and alveolar sockets
26
what are cartilaginous joints
connected by hyaline cartilage lack a joint cavity
27
two types of cartilaginous joints and examples of both
synchondroses (between manubrium and first rib) symphyses (pubic symphyses)
28
Synovial joints
allow free movement joint contained within a joint cavity and have shock-absorbing fibrocartilage pads
29
List 6 types of synovial joints with examples
Gliding (ankles, wrists) Hinge (elbow, phalanges) Ball and socket (shoulder, hip) Saddle (between carpal and metacarpal) Ellipsoidal (between metacarpals and phalanges) Pivot (between proximal ends of radius and ulna)
30
Osteoarthritis
Degradation of joints via enzymatic activity - knees, weight bearing joints, certain finger joints
31
Rheumatoid arthritis
Autoimmune disease which begins with synovitis - fingers, wrists, ankles, feet
32
Gouty arthritis (gout)
excess of uric acid builds up and is deposited as urate crystals in tissues and joints - can become completely immobilised
33
Describe skeletal muscle
striated multinucleated
34
describe cardiac muscle
striated and branched intercalated discs
35
describe smooth muscle
no striations no sarcomeres still contains actin and myosin filaments which form cross bridges, but the overall structure is different digestive tract/lungs/blood vessels
36
what does a motor unit consist of?
- a motor neuron (somatic) - all muscle fibres it innervates
37
define motor end plate
the total nerve area that interacts with the myocyte
38
Where is the NMJ?
between the somatic motor neuron and muscle fibre interface
39
list the events in a motor nerve action potential
- release ACh - ACh binds to nicotinic ACh receptors - depolarisation of muscle (Na+ and Ca2+ influx) - action potential - contraction
40
Which 2 structure allow APs to travel deep into thick muscle cell?
- sarcoplasmic reticulum - transverse tubules
41
Where are the transverse tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum located?
transverse tubules are tunnels that penetrate all the way through muscle cells SR surrounds each transverse tubule
42
What is the name of the receptors in the SR which open as a result of open Ca2+ channels in transverse tubules?
Ryanodine receptors
43
How many stimulations per second are necessary to achieve complete tetany?
60
44
Isotonic contraction
muscle tension remains the same
45
Eccentric contraction
muscle elongates
46
Concentric contraction
muscle shortens
47
isometric contraction
muscle length remains the same
48
actin
thin filament (i band)
49
myosin
thick filament (a band)
50
titin
elastic filament
51
What is the power stroke?
Movement of the actin filament past the myosin head
52
What does tropomyosin do
prevents the myosin head from binding to the actin filament by physically blocking the myosin-binding site - muscle relaxed
53
define proprioception
awareness of one's own body position (afferent information sent by muscle spindle and golgi tendon organ)
54
what does muscle spindle do
detects muscle length (role in proprioception)
55
what does golgi tendon organ do
monitors tension of tendons produced by muscle contraction
56
What are intercalated discs
They occur where myocytes join together and contain gap junctions
57
what do gap junctions do
they allow action potentials in one cardiomyocyte to spread directly into the next - propagates into all cardiomyocytes
58
how do actin filaments of smooth and skeletal muscle differ
actin filaments in smooth are much longerthan skeletal there is a greater ration of thin filaments to thick filaments (1:16 instead of 1:2)
59
Examples of multiunit smooth muscle structures
ciliary muscle of eye arrector pili muscle in the skin (finer control as they are all stimulated individually rather than single unit)
60
What effect does the release of IP3 have
contraction of smooth muscle cell as it results in the release of Ca2+ from SR

PF3012 (10 decks)

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