Musculoskeletal Herbs Flashcards
3 salicylate-containing anti-inflammatory analgesics
salix spp
filipendula ulmaria
actea racemosa
5 non-salicylate anti-inflammatories?
curcuma longa boswellia serrata zingiber officinale rosmarinus officinale tanacetum parthenium
4 topical analgesics?
capscium annuum
arnica spp
gaultheria procumbens EO
mentha EO
3 antispasmodics
valeriana officinalis
stachys betonica
viburnum opulus
2 sources of anti-inflammatory proteolytic enzymes?
ananas cosmosus
carica papaya
family: salicaceae
part used: bark
energetics: cooling, drying
constituents: salicyl glycosides - namely salicin –> convereted to salicylic acid by GI flora, flavonoids, other phenolics and tannins
salix spp (willow)
actions: anti-inflammatory, analgesic, febrifuge, astringent
indications: muscle and joint pain, H/As, fever
C/I: allergy to salicylates, G6PD deficiency, caution w/blood thinners
salix spp (willow)
delivers salicylic acid into the bloodstream via salicin is first carried unchanged into the distal ileum or colon where gut flora remove the sugar and convert it to salicyl alcohol, this is then absorbed and oxidized in the blood, tissue and liver to salicylic acid
how the salicin in salix spp works
salicylic acid’s effects on platelets?
little anti-platelet effect because it lacks an acetyl group that aspirin has
family: roseaceae
part used: aerial parts
energetics: cooling and drying
constituents: volatile oils- salicylaldehyde, methyl salicylate, phenolic glycosides, flavonoids; spiraeoside; tannins, small amount of salicyles
filipendula ulmaria (meadowsweet)
actions: anti-inflammatory, diaphoretic, diuretic, antibacterial
indications: burning pains, gastritis, peptic ulcers
C/I: salicylate allergy
filipendula ulmaria (meadowsweet)
family: ranunculaceae
part used: root and rhizome
constituents: triterpene glycosides, isoferulic acid, salicylic acid, volatile oils and tannins
actaea racemosa (cimicifuga racemosa)
actions: antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, alterative, nervine, hypotensive; sometimes referred to as “estrogenic” b/c it is therapeutic in conditions associated with low E levels
actaea racemosa (cimicifuga racemosa)
specific indications and uses: muscular pains, uterine pains, with tenderness; false pains, irregular pains; rheumatism of the uterus; dysmenorrhea, anti-rheumatic when pulse is open, pain is paroxysmal, skin not dry and constricted, dragging pains in the hips and loin, rheumatoid muscular pain, rheumatoid dyspepsia, chorea, associated w/absentio mensium
actea racemosa (cimicifuga racemosa)
family: asteraceae part used: leaf and flower constituents: sesquiterpene lactones- parthenolide, volatile oils, bioflavonoids preparations infusion: 1 tsp of herb/c water tincture: 10-30 drops TID SE: 50-150 mg daily for migraine prophylaxis, 100-300 up to QID for migraine tx CO2 extract: 6.25 mg TID traditional use: 1-3 fresh leaves
tanacetum parthenium (feverfew)
actions: antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, febrifuge, reduces secretion of inflammatory mediators from WBCs and platelets, inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, vascular stabilizer; prevents dilation and contraction, inhibits release of histamine from mast cells
specific indications: specific for migraine H/A w/ internal heat, used for RA and inflammation, used in febrile illness
tanacetum parthenium (feverfew)
family: zingiberaceae
part used: rhizome
energetics: cooling, warming, stimulating, moves stagnation
constituents: curcumin, volatile oil, mainly composed of tumerone, atlantone and zingiberone; resin; disaccharides; protein, vitamins and minerals
curcuma longa (tumeric)
actions: alterative, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, cholagogue, choleretic, emmenagogue, lowers cholesterol, carminative, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, vulnerary
specificity of seat: liver, circulatory system
indications: inflammation of all kinds, jaundice, liver d/os, chronic skin conditions, CVD
C/I: lg doses in PG, bile duct obstruction
curcuma longa (turmeric)
summary of properties of curcumin?
diarylheptanoid- has a keto and enol form, bright yellow/orange in color, highly conjugated
poor bioavailability- poor solubility in water, more soluble in oil
rapid metabolism
how to increase absorption of curcumin?
golden milk (turmeric in fatty substance such as milk (coconut or regular)) add pepper to it (but not if current GI infxn b/c can move it out into the blood) micronized
family: zingiberaceae
part used: rhizome
specificity of seat: circulatory, digest, respiratory systems
energetics: warming, draws E to the center, stimulating
major constituents: zingiberene, zingiberole, gingerol, shogoal, phellandrene, borneol, cineole, citral as well as resins and mucilage
zingiber officinale (ginger)
actions: antiemetic, carminative, stomachic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, diaphoretic, diuretic, antimicrobial, expectorant, antitussive, decreases platelet aggregation, increases digestive enzyme activity
indications: weak digestion, colic, gas, cramping, nausea, vomiting, motion sickness, morning sickness
zingiber officinale (ginger)
family: lamiaceae
part used: leaf
energetics: stimulating
constituents: volatile oils, rosmarinic acid
rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary)
actions: circulatory stimulant, stimulant nervine, rubefacient, anti-inflammatory, stimulates hair follicles
indications: hypotension, following a stress or illness, poor memory, inflammation
C/I: PG
rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary)
family: burseaceae
part used: gum resin
constituents: resin- boswelic acids, volatile oils, polysaccharide gums
boswellia serrata
actions: anti-inflammatory, circulatory stimulant, analgesic, astringent
indications: inflammatory conditions of the joints and bowels
C/Is: lg doses may cause GI irritation, take w/H2O
dose: osteoarthritis: 333 mg TID, RA 3600 mg/d, UC 300-350 mg TID
boswellia serrata
family: piperaceae
part used: fruit
energetics: stimulating, warming
constituents: alkaloid- piperine, volatile oils
piper nigrum (black pepper)
actions: stimulates digestion, mucous membranes and nerves, enhances absorption of nutrients and drugs, diaphoretic, antibacterial, rubefacient
indications: indigestion, poor nutrient absorption
C/I: if taken in therapeutic doses (300-600 mg) drug interactions may become evident, C/I in PG, GI infxn
piper nigrum (black pepper)
family: papaveraceae
part used: whole plant
energetics: cooling
constituents: alkaloids, flavone glycosides
eschscholtzia californica (california poppy)
actions: sedative, antispasmodic, anodyne, hypnotic
indications: anxiety, overexcitement, restlessness, insomnia
C/I: PG
dose: tincture 1:1 fresh, 20-60 drops 1-4x/d; infusion 1 tbsp fresh herb per cup of water 1-4x/d
eschscholtzia californica (california poppy)
family: fabaceae
part used: root bark
energetics: relaxing
constituents: isoflavonoids- rotenone, icthyone, piscidone, sumatrol; glycoside- piscidin; calcium oxalate, resin, fats, wax
pscidia erythrina (jamaican dogwood)
actions: sedative, antispasmodic, anodyne
indciation: dysmenorrhea, insomnia, muscular tension and pain, neuralgia
C/I: PG, may cause nausea, overdose may cause bradycardia, convulsions, paralysis or death
dose: decoction 1-2 g up to TID, tincture 10-60 drop TID
piscidia erythrina (jamaican dogwood)
family: valerianaceae
part used: root
energetics: warming, lax
constituents: volatile oils- isovalianic acid, vorneol, isovaltrate, valtrate, valepotriates, valeranone
valeriana officinalis (valerian)
toxic herbs we talked about?
piscidia erythrina (jamaica dogwood)- therapeutic window is very narrow! arnica spp- mostly b/c it can act as an irritant
actions: sedative, relaxant, antispasmodic, hypotensive, diuretic, diaphoretic, anticonvulsant
C/I: may potentiate action of other sleep inducing agents; due to GABA receptor activity long-term use of valerian was associated with benzodiazepine-like withdrawal sxs
valeriana officinalis (valerian)
family: papaveraceae
part used: rhizome
energetics: bitter, warm, acrid
constituents: corydaline, dehydrocorybulbine, dl-tetrahydropalmatine, protopine, 1-tetrahydrocopitsine, coptisine, beta-homochelidonine, dehydrocoydaline, corydalmine
corydalis yanhusuo
actions: anodyne, invigorates blood and alleviates pain
indications: neuralgic pain, dysmenorrhea, traumatic injury, abd pain
chinese dosing: 4.5-12 g of crude herb daily
corydalis yanhusuo
family: adoxaceae
part used: bark
energetics: drying
constituents: viopudial, hydroquinones such as arbutin, coumarins such as scopoletin and scopoline, catechins, phenolic acids
virburnum opulus (cramp bark)
actions: antispasmodic- effective in both voluntary and involuntary muscles, astringent, nervine, hypotensive, beta 2 receptor agonist, anti-inflammatory
indications: uterine sedative, tonic, when predisposition to abortion, or as a partus praeparator, cramp-like contraction of hollow viscera as well as of the voluntary musculature, uterine irritation, spasmodic dysmenorrhea, cramps of uterus, legs, bearing-down or expulsive pain, neuralgic dysmenorrhea, spasmodic contraction of bladder, hysteria, mild convulsions
viburnum opulus (cramp bark)
indications: dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, bronchoconstriction, skeletal muscle spasms, pelvic congestion, bladder spasms
virburnum opulus (cramp bark)
family: solanaceae
part used: fruit
energetics: hot
constituents: oleoresin
capsicum frutescens (cayenne)
actions: circulatory stimulant, anti-inflammatory, mucolytic, diaphoretic, cholesterol reducing, gastric stimulant, deplete substance P, anodyne
indications: neuralgia, myalgia, arthralgia, psoriasis, toothache, migraines (nasal cream)
C/I: avoid contact w/eyes or direct contact w/mucous membranes if extract, do not inhale vapors!
capsicum frutescens (cayenne)
volatile oil: chief components- methyl salicylate, oenanthic alcohol and its ester
caution: toxic to KDs
most of it on the market is synthetic methyl salicylate!
gaultheria procumbens (wintergreen)
family: asteraceae
part used: flower heads or whole fresh plant
energetics: stimulating
constituents: volatile oils, resins, flavonoids
arnica spp
actions: stimulates circulation and MO activity, helps resolve edema and echymosis
indications: tissue trauma- sprains, strains, bruises, arthritic joints
caution: LOW DOSE HERB- internally and externally dt its ability to act as an irritant
SIG: tincture internal 1-10 drops 1-4x/d; infused oil external, apply sm amount to affected area; DO NOT APPLY TO BROKEN SKIN
arnica spp
indications: muscular soreness and pain from strains or over-exertion; advanced stage of dz w/marked enfeeblement, weak circulation, impaired spinal innervation, embarrassed respiration, lack of control over urine and feces, sleepessness from impeded respiration, dull praecoridal pain, cystitis w/ bruised feeling in bladder or from a fall or blow, hematuria, dull aching lumbar pain or over-exertion pain
arnica spp
2 proteolytic enzymes w/anti-inflammatory actions?
papain from carica papaya (papaya)
bromelain from ananas cosmosus (pineapple)
MOA of proteolytic enzymes on inflammation?
increase serum fibrinolytic activity reduce plasma fibrinogen levels decrease bradykinin levels reduce edema and pain mediating prostaglandin levels modulation of certain immune cell surface adhesion molecules
how to take proteolytic enzymes?
have to take in larger doses and take away from food if want anti-inflammatory effects!!
