Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NUR350 Midterm > Musculoskeletal, Head, and Neck Assessment > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal, Head, and Neck Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

Relevant structure in the head and neck assessment

A
  • Skull
  • Muscles
  • Salivary glands
  • Temporal Artery
  • Lymph Nodes
  • Trachea
  • Thyroid Gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The skull: bones to know

A
  • Frontal bone
  • Maxilla
  • Mandible
  • Parietal bone
  • Temporal bone
  • Occipital bone
  • Temporomandibular joint
  • Mastoid process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Head and Neck muscles to know

A
  • Palpebral fissure; eye openings
  • Nasolabial fold; under nose
  • Masseter; helps chewing
  • Sternomastoid; side neck
  • Trapezius; lower side neck
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sternomastiod muscle

A

The sternocleidomastoid muscle is one of the largest and most superficial cervical muscles. The primary actions of the muscle are rotation of the head to the opposite side and flexion of the neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Temporal artery

A

a major artery of the head. It arises from the external carotid artery when it splits into the superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery. Its pulse can be felt above the zygomatic arch, above and in front of the tragus of the ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Parotid gland

A

The parotid gland is a major salivary gland. The two parotid glands are present on either side of the mouth and in front of both ears. They are the largest of the salivary glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Submandibular gland

A

Salivary gland located in lower side jaw area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sublingual gland

A

Salivary gland located under tongue area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lymph Nodes

A
  • Small oval cluster of lymphatic tissue
  • All over body, most found in head and neck
  • Nodes can help fiter out pathogens
  • Lymphoctyes can mount inflammatory response
  • Lympathic system plays important role in dealing with excess fluid in body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Names of lymph nodes in head a neck

A 
Preauricular - in front of ear
Posterior auricular - behind ear
Occipital - over occipital bone
Jugulodiagastric - also called tonsillar
Submandibular - above submandibular gland
Submental - above sublingual gland
Superificial cervical - along sternomastoid muscle
Posterior cervical - lower side neck
Surpaclavicular - along collar bone
Deep cervical chain - follows down neck
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Regulates body’s metabolic rate, regulate HR and digestive functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Trachea

A

Made of cartilage, but there are few bones in the neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Infant considerations for head and neck assessment

A
  • Fontanels – allows for easier passage through the birth canal
  • Anterior – doesn’t close until around 18months
  • Posterior – closes realtively quickly
  • Caput Succedaneum – swelling and bruising on the presenting part of the head, caused by birth trauma and will eventually self resolve
  • Cephalhematoma – hemmorhage or collection of blood, uaully self resolves, uaully between the peristeum and the bone
  • Molding – cone head shape as bones slide over one another, resolves on own
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pregnant persons considerations for head and neck assessment

A

• Thyroid gland may enlarge (slightly) – increased vacularity all over body to accommodate growing fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Older persons considerations for head and neck assessment

A

• Facial bones may appear more prominent – decreased elacsitity, decreased subcutaneous fat depositiories, decreased moisture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Head and Neck subjective assessment

A
  • Headaches – unusually frequent or severe headaches, then PSTQUAAA
  • Head injury – concussion traumatic brain injury; symptoms post injury and any considerations post issues for their life
  • Dizziness – lightheadedness, faints, etc.
  • Objective vertigo – sensation that the room is spinning
  • Subjective vertigo – sensations that the person themselves is spinning
  • Vertigo has to do with inner ear
  • Neck pain and/or limitations in neck movement
  • Lumps or swelling – dsyphagia is difficulty swallowing
  • History of head or neck injury or surgery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Inspecting and palpating the skull

A
  • Size and shape – expected round, symmetrical, smooth
  • Temporal area – symmetrical, present on both sides
  • Temporal artery
  • Temporomandibular joint – smooth movement, no pain, audible clicking okay as long as no pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Microcephaly

A

Unexpectedly small head, develops in the womb, can be congenital defects or viruses/infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Macrocephaly

A

Unexpectedly large head, most common cause is hydrochphylis (excessive amounts of fluid in the brain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Inspecting and palpating the face

A

• Symmetry – pick landmark and view symmetry from there to see subtle differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Inspecting and palpating the neck

A
  • Symmetry – midline, muscles on neck
  • Range of motion – looking for symmetry in ROM
  • Enlarge salivatory glands – blocked, swelling
  • Lymph nodes – a lot in the head and neck area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Palpating lymph nodes

A
  • Keep hand on flat plane
  • Gental, circular motion
  • Both hands at same time to compare symmetry
  • Usually not palpable, if can feel it feels like small marble or pea under skin
  • If can palpate; chart size, location, movement, consistency, tenderness
  • Cervical nodes can be palpate in healthy people
  • Enlargement can be due to infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lymph Nodes: expected findings

A

1) A node should feel moveable, soft, and non-tender
2) If we find a node that is enlarged, tender, firm, but we can still move it; it is suggestive of infection
3) Most concerned about node that is hard, non-tender, and it’s fixed (not mobile); worried about cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Inspecting and palpating the trachea

A

Gently, assessing for firmness and that it’s midline

can do without touching if they can extend neck back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Inspecting and palpating the thyroid

A
  • Important to stop and signpost before assessment (can be triggering);
  • Ask them to look up and swallow, when they swallow it’s the thyroid tissue we see moving up and down
  • Palpate by anterior or posterior approach
    • Assessing for differences in symmetry, hard nodule, or anything that feels different on one side
    • Worried about asymmetry or enlargement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Adenoma

A

Non cancerous growth that can cause hyperthyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Functions of the Muscoskeletal system

A
  • Support
  • Movement
  • Protection
  • Red blood cell production – in bone marrow
  • Storage for essential minerals – calcium and phosphorus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Relevant structures to MSK

A
  • Bones
  • Cartilage
  • Joints
  • Ligaments
  • Bursa
  • Tendons
  • Muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Non-synovial Joints

A

Immovable or only slightly moveable joints

30
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Freely moveable, synovial fluid (lubricating to help movement), also layer of cartilage between two bones

31
Q

Ligaments

A

Fibrous band that joins bone to bone, purpose it to help strengthen the joint, and not allow movement in an undesirable direction

32
Q

Bursa

A

Enclosed sac filled with synovial fluid, found in joints where there is a lot of friction, asks as a cushion

33
Q

Tendons

A

Attach muscles to bones

34
Q

Muscles

A

When contract create movement

  • Skeletal, smooth, cardiac,
  • 40-50% of weight of body is made from muscle
35
Q

Flexion

A

Bending a limb at a joint

36
Q

Extension

A

Extending a limb at a joint

37
Q

Abduction

A

Moving away from midline

38
Q

Adduction

A

Moving something towards the midline

39
Q

Pronation

A

Facing down

40
Q

Supination

A

Facing up

41
Q

Circumduction

A

Moving limb is a circular motion

42
Q

Inversion

A

Turning inwards

43
Q

Eversion

A

Turing outwards

44
Q

Rotation

A

Turning something around an axis

45
Q

Protraction

A

Moving body part parallel to ground and forwards

46
Q

Retraction

A

Pulling back

47
Q

Elevation

A

Raising up

48
Q

Depression

A

Lowering down

49
Q

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

A

Hinge joint
• Open-close
• Protrusion-retraction
• Side to side (gliding action)

50
Q

Spine

A 
33 vertebrae
• 7 cervical
• 12 thoracic 
• 5 lumbar
• 5 sacral
• 3-4 coccygeal – in some people last 2 are fused and others are not
  • Paravertebral muscles – run alongside the spine
  • Double S curve – lateral view
  • Flexion, extension, abduction, rotation
51
Q

Shoulder Joint

A
  • Ball-and-socket joint
  • Joint can move in many axes
  • Flexion, hyperextension, internal rotation, abduction, adduction, external rotation
52
Q

Elbow Joint

A

3 bones meet
• Humerus
• Radius
• Ulna

  • Medial and lateral epicondyles
  • Olecranon process

Hinge joint
• Flexion & extension

Radioulnar joints at the elbow and wrist
• Pronation & supination

53
Q

Wrist and Carpal Joints

A

Wrist
• Flexion & extension
• Side to side

Mid-Carpal Joints
• Flexion & extension
• Some rotation

Metacarpophalangeal & Interphalangeal joints
• Finger flexion & extension

54
Q

Hip Joint

A
  • Ball-and-socket – less mobility than shoulder, but more stable
  • Iliac Crest – top of the pelvis bone
  • Anterior iliac spine
  • Posterior iliac spine
  • Ischial tuberosity - just under gluteus maximus
  • Greater trochanter – projection on the top of the femur, important landmark for injections
  • Flexion, internal and external rotation, abduction, adduction
55
Q

Knee Joint

A

• Articulation of the femur, tibia and patella

Hinge joint
• Flexion & extension

  • Quadriceps muscle – important to assess for symmetry
  • Lateral and medial condyles of the tibia – bony landmark for assessment
  • Lateral and medial epicondyles of the femur – bony landmark for assessment
56
Q

Ankle and Foot Joints

A

Tibiotalar joint
• Hinge joint
• Flexion & extension
• Medial malleolus – round bony projection on inside
• Lateral malleolus – round bony projection on outside

Subtallar joint – distal to the ankle
• Inversion & eversion

57
Q

Infant and children considerations in MSK assessment

A

– Bones continue tog row until the age of 20
• Hip dysplasia – dislocation of the hip joint, can sometimes go unnoticed because baby’s don’t weight bear initially, look for different leg lengths
• “Growing pains” – noninflammatory pain of the bones, common in 3-12 years, often occurs in evening or night

58
Q

Pregnant persons considerations in MSK assessment

A
  • Increased mobility of joints – due to increased levels of hormones (estrogen and relaxin), especially in the pelvis
  • Lordosis – postural change that helps the pregnant person accommodate the growing fetus, creates strain on lower back, increased curvature of the lumbar spine
59
Q

Older persons considerations in MSK assessment

A
  • Loss of bone density – risk for osteoprosis
  • Muscle mass decreases
  • Decreased height – due to shortening of intervertbral discs, dehydrated and crushed
  • Kyphosis – exaderated curvature of the thoracic spine
60
Q

Subjective assessment of MSK

A

Joints
• Pain, stiffness, swelling, redness, limitations with movement

Muscles
• Pain, cramping, weakness

Bones
• Pain, congenital anomaly, injury, numbness/tingling

Functional assessment
• ADLs
• Self-Care
• Occupational hazards, exercise, medications (for pain – anti-inflammatory, muscle relaxant)

61
Q

MSK objective assessment

A

Inspection
• Size, contour (shape, symmetrical), colour (concern for redness), swelling, masses, anomalies

Palpation
• Temperature, tenderness, swelling, masses, muscles, bony articulations
• Crepitation – audible and palpable; surfecaes of tow joints are roughened and running agsint each other, grinding or crunching sound

Range of Motion (ROM)
• Passive – supporting joint, doing for them
• Active – on their own
• Muscle Testing – not a big part of nursing, testing strength of muscle against resistant

62
Q

Assessing TMJ

A
  • Inspect for swelling
  • Palpate; open mouth, move side to side; when protraction shouldn’t see deviation to one side
  • Crunch teeth, assess masseter muscles for symmetry
63
Q

Assessing cervical spine

A
  • Inspect for alignment of head, neck, and top of spine
  • Palpate those relevant muscles; firm, equal, no tenderness
  • ROM; pictures give expected movement – know what the cervical spine is capable of
  • Flexion, extension, lateral bending, adduction, abduction, rotation
64
Q

Assessing the spine

A
  • Anterior, posterior, and lateral sides
  • Scapula, gluteal fold, illac crest all in same place
  • Palpate down spinal column; should be non-tender
  • Flexion, extension, lateral bending and rotation
65
Q

Assessing shoulders

A
  • Inspect and compare anterior and posterior side
  • Palate contour of joints for equality, symmetry
  • ROM; flexion, hyper extension abduction, adduction, internal rotation, external rotation
66
Q

Assessing elbows

A
  • Inspect both extended and flexed position; looking at bony landmarks
  • When palpation support client’s arm
  • No swelling, no tenderness
  • Flex, extend, and while support they can pronate and supinate
67
Q

Assessing wrists and hands

A
  • Inspect for contour shape, swelling, redness, any nodule in the joint
  • Palpate wrist, hand, fingers; smooth, no swelling, no tenderness
  • Flexion, extension, some hyperextension
  • Abduct hand
  • Fan out fingers, make a fist, and to tough each finger to the thumb
68
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

A
  • Phalen’s Test – ask to put hands back to back, normally should cause no pain; any numbness or burning is suggestive of carpal tunnel
  • Tinel’s Sign – tap in middle of wrist; if present suggestive of carpal tunnel
69
Q

Assessing hips

A
  • Start with having patient stand to look for symmetry
  • Smooth, even gait when walking
  • Palate with person lying supine (on back)
  • Hips should feel stable, symmetrical, no tenderness or crepitation
  • ROM; flex up to 90, extend, bend knee in and back out (see pictures for full assessment)
70
Q

Assessing knees

A
  • Have patient sitting on edge of exam table
  • Look for redness, swelling, tenderness
  • Palpate around patella
  • Have flexion, extension, etc.
71
Q

Assessing ankle and foot

A
  • Palpate when non weight bearing
  • Look for redness, swelling
  • Palpate for edema or tenderness
  • Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, eversion, inversion

NUR350 Midterm (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions