Musculoskeletal- Gait Flashcards
What phase of gait makes up 60% of the gait cycle?
Stance phase
What phase of gait makes up 40% of the gait cycle?
Swing phase
According to standard terminology, What component of gait occurs at the instant the heel touches the ground to begin stance phase?
Heel strike
According to standard terminology, What component of gait occurs at the point the entire foot makes contact with the ground and should occur directly after heel strike?
Foot flat
According to standard terminology, What component of gait occurs at the point during stance phase when the entire body weight is directly over the stance limb?
Midstance
According to standard terminology, What component of gait occurs at the point in which the heel of the stance limb leaves the ground?
Heel off
According to standard terminology, What component of gait occurs at the point in which only the toe of the stance limb remains on the ground?
Toe off
According to standard terminology, What component of gait occurs when toe off is complete and the reference limb swings until positioned directly under the body?
Acceleration
According to standard terminology, What component of gait occurs at the point when the swing limb is directly under the body?
Midswing
According to standard terminology, What component of gait occurs directly after midswing as the swing limb begins to extend and ends just prior to heel strike?
Deceleration
What are the components of the stance phase of gait according to standard terminology?
Heel strike, Foot flat, Midstance, Heel off, Toe off
What are the components of the swing phase of gait according to standard terminology?
Acceleration, Midswing, Deceleration
What at the components of the stance phase of gait according to Rancho Los Amigos terminology?
Initial contact, Loading response, Midstance, Terminal stance, Pre-swing
What are the components of the swing phase of gait according to Rancho Los Amigos terminology?
Initial swing, Midswing, Terminal swing
According to Rancho Los Amigos terminology, What component of gait is the beginning of the stance phase that occurs when the foot touches the ground?
Initial contact
According to Rancho Los Amigos terminology, What component of gait corresponds to the amount of time between initial contact and the beginning of the swing phase for the other leg?
Loading response
According to Rancho Los Amigos terminology, What component of gait corresponds to the point in stance phase when the other foot is off the floor until the body is directly over the stance limb?
Midstance
According to Rancho Los Amigos terminology, What component of gait begins when the heel of the stance limb rises and ends when the other foot touches the ground?
Terminal stance
According to Rancho Los Amigos terminology, What component of gait begins when the other foot touches the ground and ends when the stance foot reaches toe off?
Pre-swing
According to Rancho Los Amigos terminology, What component of gait begins when the stance foot lifts from the floor and ends with maximal knee flexion during swing?
Initial swing
According to Rancho Los Amigos terminology, What component of gait begins with maximal knee flexion during swing and ends when the tibia is perpendicular with the ground?
Midswing
According to Rancho Los Amigos terminology, What component of gait begins when the tibia is perpendicular to the floor and ends when the foot touches the ground?
Terminal swing
When is the the tibial anterior in peak muscle activation during gait?
just after heel strike (responsible for eccentric lowering of the foot into plantarflexion)
When is the gastroc-soleus group in peak muscle activation during gait?
late stance phase (responsible for concentric raising of the heel during toe off)
When is the quadriceps group in peak muscle activation during gait?
two periods: single support and early stance, just before toe off to initiate swing phase
When is the hamstrings group in peak muscle activation during gait?
late swing phase (responsible for decelerating the unsupported limb)
What is the hip flexion ROM necessary for gait?
0-30 degrees
What is the hip extension ROM necessary for gait?
0-10 degrees
What is the knee flexion ROM necessary for gait?
0-60 degrees
What is the knee extension ROM necessary for gait?
0 degrees
What is the ankle dorsiflexion ROM necessary for gait?
0-10 degrees
What is the ankle plantarflexion ROM necessary for gait?
0-20 degrees
What is the distance measured between the left and right foot during progression of gait? The distance decreases as cadence increases.
Base of Support
What is the average base of support for an adult?
2-4 inches
What is the number of steps an individual will walk over a period of time?
Cadence
What is the average cadence for an adult?
110-120 steps per minute
What is the angle formed by each foot’s line of progression and a ling intersecting the center of the heel and second toe?
Degree of toe-out
What is the average degree of toe out for an adult?
7 degrees
What is the two times during a gait cycle where both feet are on the ground? This increases as the speed of gait decreases.
Double support phase
What phase does not exist during running?
Double support phase
What is the average pelvic rotation during gait for an adult?
8 degrees
What is the distance measured between right heel strike and left heel strike?
Step length?
What is the average step length in an adult?
28 inches
What is the distance measured between right heel strike and the following right heel strike?
Stride length?
What is the average stride length for an adult?
56 inches
What is a protective gait pattern where the involved step length is decreased in order to avoid weight bearing on the involved side usually secondary to pain?
Antalgic
What is a gait pattern characterized by staggering and unsteadiness, usually with a wide base of support and exaggerated movements?
Ataxic
What is a staggering gait pattern seen in cerebellar disease?
Cerebellar
What is a gait pattern characterized by a circular motion to advance the leg during swing phase; this may be used to compensate for insufficient hip or knee flexion or ankle dorsiflexion?
Circumduction
What is a gait pattern in which alternate steps are of a different length or at a different rate?
Double step
What is a gait pattern characterized by high steps; usually involving excessive activity of the gastrocnemius?
Equine
What is a gait pattern where a patient walks on toes as though pushed, starting slowly, increasing, and may continue until the patient grasps an object in order to stop?
Festinating
What is a gait pattern in which patients abduct the paralyzed limb, swing it around, and bring it forward so the foot comes to the ground in front of them?
Hemiplegic
What is a gait pattern marked by increased forward flexion of the trunk and knees, gait is shuffling with quick and small steps, and festinating may occur?
Parkinsonian
What is a gait pattern in which the legs cross midline upon advancement?
Scissor
What is a gait pattern with stiff movement, toes seeming to catch and drag, legs held together, and hip and knee joints slightly flexed, commonly seen in spastic paraplegia?
Spastic
What is a gait pattern in which the feet and toes are lifted through hip and knee flexion to excessive heights; usually secondary to dorsiflexor weakness, with the foot slapping at initial contact and with the ground secondary to decreased control?
Steppage
What is a gait pattern with high stepping ataxic gait in which the feet slap the ground?
Tabetic
What is a gait pattern that denotes gluteus medius weakness with excessive lateral trunk flexion and weight shifting over the stance leg?
Trendelenburg
What is a gait pattern where the swing leg advances by compensating through the combination of elevation of the pelvis and plantarflexion of the stance leg?
Vaulting
