Musculoskeletal Exercise Assessment and Prescription 1 Flashcards
PARAMETERS OF PHYSICAL CAPACITY
MUSCULAR STRENGTH
Ability to generate maximal force
MUSCULAR ENDURANCE
The ability of a muscle to continue to perform without fatigue
POWER
The ability generate force quickly (strength and velocity)
FLEXIBILITY
The range of motion available at a joint
AGILITY
The ability to change position of the body in space with speed and accuracy
- requires an element of balance
SKILL ACQUISITION: MOTOR LEARNING
- A set of internal processes
- Creates permanent acquisition
- Gained through experience o rpractice
STAGES OF MOTOR LEARNING
• Cognitive
• Associative
• Autonomous
* lvl of attention decreases from cog > auto.
COGNITIVE
- Variable performance
- High amount of attention
- Learning style is relevant
- Need to think about components of task
- Need to work out a strategy
- External feedback needed
- Need to know what to do
- Facilitated with mental rehearsal / verbalisation
- Trial & error
ASSOCIATIVE
- Less variability in performance
- Refinement
- Best strategy has been established
- Key feature is practice
- Ability to perform in closed (no external influences) – open environment
- Decreased need for cognitive aspects i.e. verbalisation
- Somatosensory input very important for self correction
AUTONOMOUS
- Efficient
- Can adapt to task / environment
- Ability to perform in “busy” environment
- Automatic
- Minimal cognition
- Minimal errors
FEEDBACK
Feedback is necessary to facilitate and consolidate motor learning
INTRINSIC FEEDBACK
- Arises from performance of thetask
- Visual and auditory in early stages (cognitive/associative)
- Somatosensory and vestibular are necessary in autonomous phase
EXTRINSIC FEEDBACK (external)
EXTRINSIC
• Can be verbal,tactile or visual
• Knowledge of results-was the task achieved?
• Knowledge of performance-how was the task achieved?
FEEDBACK
KNOWLEDGE OF RESULTS
OUTCOME
Research suggests that motor learning is more rapid if outcomes are focused upon results. Linked to:
• Outcome of task
• Goal setting & progression of tasks
• Summary feedback better than with every trial
• Immediate rather than delayed
FEEDBACK KNOWLEDGE OF PERFORMANCE
ABOUT DETAIL - HOW WELL TASK IS PERFORMED
Providing feedback on performance of motor tasks is central to physiotherapy. Relates to:
• Selectivity of muscle contraction
• contraction/ relaxation of specific muscles
• Amount of force generated when recruiting motor units
• Amount / quality of movement at a joint
• Sequence / timing of movements related to a whole task
FACTORS TO CONSIDER
TASK - INDIVIDUAL - ENVIRONMENT
MOTOR LEARNING Progressions:
- Closed,predictableenvironment
- Varythetaskandit’scomplexityinclosedenvironment
- Varytheenvironmenttoopen,lesspredictable environments (regress to simplified task)
- Complextasksinopenenvironments
PRINCIPLES OF EXERCISE DESIGN
SPECIFICITY
OVERLOAD
INDIVIDUALISATION
PERIODISATION
PRINCIPLES OF EXERCISE DESIGN - SPECIFICITY
Training effects are specific to the exercise performed, muscle groups involved, range of movement and energy systems utilised.
Strength vs Endurance vs Power vs Flexibility vs Agility
