Musculoskeletal Exercise Assessment and Prescription 1 Flashcards
PARAMETERS OF PHYSICAL CAPACITY
MUSCULAR STRENGTH
Ability to generate maximal force
MUSCULAR ENDURANCE
The ability of a muscle to continue to perform without fatigue
POWER
The ability generate force quickly (strength and velocity)
FLEXIBILITY
The range of motion available at a joint
AGILITY
The ability to change position of the body in space with speed and accuracy
- requires an element of balance
SKILL ACQUISITION: MOTOR LEARNING
- A set of internal processes
- Creates permanent acquisition
- Gained through experience o rpractice
STAGES OF MOTOR LEARNING
• Cognitive
• Associative
• Autonomous
* lvl of attention decreases from cog > auto.
COGNITIVE
- Variable performance
- High amount of attention
- Learning style is relevant
- Need to think about components of task
- Need to work out a strategy
- External feedback needed
- Need to know what to do
- Facilitated with mental rehearsal / verbalisation
- Trial & error
ASSOCIATIVE
- Less variability in performance
- Refinement
- Best strategy has been established
- Key feature is practice
- Ability to perform in closed (no external influences) – open environment
- Decreased need for cognitive aspects i.e. verbalisation
- Somatosensory input very important for self correction
AUTONOMOUS
- Efficient
- Can adapt to task / environment
- Ability to perform in “busy” environment
- Automatic
- Minimal cognition
- Minimal errors
FEEDBACK
Feedback is necessary to facilitate and consolidate motor learning
INTRINSIC FEEDBACK
- Arises from performance of thetask
- Visual and auditory in early stages (cognitive/associative)
- Somatosensory and vestibular are necessary in autonomous phase
EXTRINSIC FEEDBACK (external)
EXTRINSIC
• Can be verbal,tactile or visual
• Knowledge of results-was the task achieved?
• Knowledge of performance-how was the task achieved?
FEEDBACK
KNOWLEDGE OF RESULTS
OUTCOME
Research suggests that motor learning is more rapid if outcomes are focused upon results. Linked to:
• Outcome of task
• Goal setting & progression of tasks
• Summary feedback better than with every trial
• Immediate rather than delayed
FEEDBACK KNOWLEDGE OF PERFORMANCE
ABOUT DETAIL - HOW WELL TASK IS PERFORMED
Providing feedback on performance of motor tasks is central to physiotherapy. Relates to:
• Selectivity of muscle contraction
• contraction/ relaxation of specific muscles
• Amount of force generated when recruiting motor units
• Amount / quality of movement at a joint
• Sequence / timing of movements related to a whole task
FACTORS TO CONSIDER
TASK - INDIVIDUAL - ENVIRONMENT
MOTOR LEARNING Progressions:
- Closed,predictableenvironment
- Varythetaskandit’scomplexityinclosedenvironment
- Varytheenvironmenttoopen,lesspredictable environments (regress to simplified task)
- Complextasksinopenenvironments
PRINCIPLES OF EXERCISE DESIGN
SPECIFICITY
OVERLOAD
INDIVIDUALISATION
PERIODISATION
PRINCIPLES OF EXERCISE DESIGN - SPECIFICITY
Training effects are specific to the exercise performed, muscle groups involved, range of movement and energy systems utilised.
Strength vs Endurance vs Power vs Flexibility vs Agility
PRINCIPLES OF EXERCISE DESIGN - OVERLOAD
For a training effect, the load must be greater than that regularly encountered in every day life.
• Too little = not optimising gains / detraining
• Too much = risk of injury or post-exercise soreness
• Correct amount = optimal improvement
PRINCIPLES OF EXERCISE DESIGN - INDIVIDUALISATION
INDIVIDUALISATION
Must be appropriate to the goals, abilities and needs of the patient.
• Are there any health or injury concerns?
• Professional or recreational athlete vs sedentary?
• What is their initial skill level? What equipment is available?
PRINCIPLES OF EXERCISE DESIGN - PERIODISATION
Approach to training that breaks up a program into periods and builds systematic variation in exercise intensity and programming over a specified period of time.
Preparation Lower loads, higher reps and sets, more exercises and higher frequency.
Competition Higher loads, decrease reps and sets, fewer exercises and decreased frequency.
Recuperation Gradual decrease in load, additional decrease in reps, sets and frequency.
TEACHING CORRECT TECHNIQUE
EXPLANATION/ DEMONSTRATION
OBSERVE CLIENT PERFORMANCE
PROVIDE FEEDBACK FOR CORRECTION
REASSESS CLIENT PERFORMANCE
