Musculoskeletal Disorders Flashcards
1
Q
What is osteoporosis?
A
- chronic metabolic bone disorder → low bone density
2
Q
What is osteopenia?
A
- precursor to osteoporosis
- loss of bone density
3
Q
What are risk factors of osteopenia?
A
- > 65 years old
- thin, lean body build
- ↓ estrogen
- ↓ testosterone
- ↓ exercise
- ↓ calcium and vitamin D intake
- ↓ protein (calcium is bound to protein)
- ↑ phosphorus (↑ calcium loss)
- ↑ caffeine (↑ calcium loss)
- ↑ alcohol intake (3+ drinks)
- tobacco smoke
4
Q
What are some clinical manifestations of osteopenia?
A
- back pain or spontaneous fractures
- common in spine, hips, and wrists
- ↓ 2-3in
- BMI < 18
- acute back pain (after lifting/bending)
- kyphosis (hump on back)
- history of vertebral fracture
- pain when palpating
5
Q
How can osteopenia be diagnosed?
A
- blood test
- calcium
- phosphorus
- vitamin D
- x-rays (reveals bone density)
6
Q
What are diet changes to treat/manage osteopenia?
A
- calcium intake
- dairy: cheese, milk, yogurt
- dark, green vegetables: broccoli, kale
- fish w/ edible bones: sardines, canned salmon
- calcium: soy products, cereal, fruit juice
- limit alcohol and caffeine
- smoking cessation
7
Q
What are lifestyle changes to treat/manage osteopenia?
A
- regular weight-bearing exercise
- walking, jogging, strength-training
- physical therapy
- home safety
- non-skid rugs
- walking on carpeted stairs
- assistive devices and home aids
- night lights
- clear pathway
8
Q
What drugs are given to treat/manage osteopenia?
A
- vitamin D supplements
- hormone replacement therapy
- estrogen and progesterone
- may ↑ risk of breast cancer, CVD, stroke
- bisphosphonates - inhibit bone resorption
9
Q
What is osteoarthritis?
A
- degenerative joint disease
10
Q
What are risk factors of osteoarthritis?
A
- older age
- overuse of joints
- family history/genetics
- obesity
11
Q
What are clinical manifestations of osteoarthritis?
A
- pain/discomfort (affected joint)
- pain with palpation or ROM
- pain when joint is overused
- early morning joint stiffness
- swelling, redness and/or heat
- crepitus
- back pain
- fluid moves from one joint to another
- unilateral (right hip only)
- bone spurs (bony growths)
12
Q
What are diagnostic testing for osteoarthritis?
A
- ↑ ESR (amount of inflammation)
- ↑ C-reactive protein (amount of inflammation)
- x-ray (determine joint changes)
- CT scan (detailed image)
- magnetic resonance imaging (detailed image)
13
Q
What are non-drug management of osteoarthritis?
A
- exercise (at least 3x/week)
- balance rest with activity
- lose weight
- patellar taping/brace (reduces load on knee)
-
cold packs
- wrap ice in cloth (limit 20 min at a time)
-
warm packs
- avoid burns (be careful w/ temp)
- physical therapy
14
Q
What drugs help manage osteoarthritis?
A
- acetaminophen
- NSAIDs
- ibuprofen
- naporxen
- celecoxib
- opioids - tramadol
- capsacin (cream)
15
Q
What are adverse effects of NSAIDs?
A
- fluid retention
- nephrotoxicity
- GI bleeding
