Musculoskeletal Development around the axial skeleton

Question 1

where does skeletal muscle arise from

Answer 1

paraxial mesoderm

Question 2

where does cardiac muscle arise from

Answer 2

visceral (splanchnic) layer of lateral plate mesoderm

Question 3

where does smooth (gut and derivatives) muscle arise from

Answer 3

visceral layer of LPM around the gut tube

Question 4

where does smooth (blood and lymph vessels) come from

Answer 4

somatic layer of LPM and neural crest cells

Question 5

where does smooth (sweat glands, pupil mm) come from

Answer 5

myoepithelial cells develop from ectoderm (not mesoderm)

Question 6

where do the uninucleated cells that elongate to form spindle-shaped myoblasts come from and what was initiated by

Answer 6

from the lateral plate mesoderm and neural crest cells and initiated by serum response factor

Question 7

what are sweat glands and intrinsic eye muscles derived from

Answer 7

ectoderm

Question 8

what does the primary heart field develop into

Answer 8

atria, left ventricle and most of the right ventricle

Question 9

where is the secondary heart field

Answer 9

in splanchnic mesodermal cells ventral to the pharynx on day 20-21

Question 10

what are the transcription factors involved during cardiac muscle morphogenesis

Answer 10

PBX and Hand2

Question 11

where do epaxial and hypaxial muscles come from

Answer 11

epaxial from dorsomedial myotome and hypaxial from ventrolateral myotome d

Question 12

describe the transcription protein levels in order to get epaxial muscles

Answer 12

Wnt proteins from dorsal neural tube upregulate expression of Myf5 and there is low SHH

Question 13

describe the transcription protein levels in order the get hypaxial muscles (and some epaxial)

Answer 13

epidermal Wnt expression and low BMP4 from lateral plate mesoderm regulate expression of MyoD

Question 14

what are tendons derived from

Answer 14

sclerotome

Question 15

what is the condition in which there is an absence of pectorals minor and part of pectorals major, causing the nipple and areola to be displaced or missing

Answer 15

poland sequence

Question 16

what is the primary source for most of the skull

Answer 16

neural crest

Question 17

what is the primary source for the appendicular skeleton

Answer 17

lateral plate mesoderm

Question 18

what is the primary source for the axial skeleton (minus most of skull and sternum0

Answer 18

somites

Question 19

what is the bone producing portion of the somite

Answer 19

sclerotome

Question 20

what parts of the skull come from the neural crest

Answer 20

frontal, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, incisive, mandible, sphenoid, sq. temp, hyoids

Question 21

what parts of the skull come from paraxial mesoderm

Answer 21

parietal, occipitals, pet. temp

Question 22

what part of the skull comes from the lateral plate mesoderm

Answer 22

laryngeals

Question 23

what disorder occurs if there is a prematurely fused saggital suture

Answer 23

scaphocephaly

Question 24

what disorder occurs if there is a prematurely fused me topic suture

Answer 24

trigonocephaly

Question 25

what disorder occurs if there is a premature fusion of the corneal suture

Answer 25

plahiocephaly

Question 26

list the order for the closure of the fontanelles

Answer 26

posterior, then frontal, then sphenoid, then mastoid, and then anterior

Question 27

what do vertebrae and ribs form from

Answer 27

sclerotome

Question 28

what does the sternum develop from

Answer 28

somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm in body walls

Question 29

what is the disease known as a depressed sternum

Answer 29

pectus excavatum

Question 30

what is the disease known as a protruding sternum

Answer 30

pectus carinatum

Question 31

what are pectus excavatum and carinatum due to

Answer 31

defects in ventral body wall closure or formation of costal cartilages and sternum

Question 32

what do intervertebral discs derive from

Answer 32

mesenchyme