musculoskeletal, cardiorespiratory, other

Question 1

tendons

Answer 1

connective tissue that connects muscle to bones

Question 2

ligaments

Answer 2

connect bones to bones

Question 3

agonist when flexion of the knee occurs

Answer 3

bicep femoris

Question 4

concentric muscle contraction (up phase)

Answer 4

shortening of the muscle where the insertion gets closer to the origin

Question 5

eccentric muscle contraction (down phase)

Answer 5

lengthening of the muscle when the insertion becomes further away from the origin

Question 6

isometric muscle contraction

Answer 6

when muscles generate force without changing length

Question 7

examples of isometric muscle contractions

Answer 7

wall sit, plank

Question 8

example of eccentric muscle contraction

Answer 8

downward phase of a lunge

Question 9

example of concentric muscle contraction

Answer 9

upward phase of a bicep curl

Question 10

what is resistance training?

Answer 10

a form of exercise that causes your skeletal muscles to contract against an external force

Question 11

how does resistance training lower the risk of injury?

Answer 11

it increases the strength of muscles, ligaments, tendons and bones which improves flexibility and lowers the chance of things like ligament sprains and muscle strains as the body has the strength to perform and is used to having a great range of motion

Question 12

heart rate

Answer 12

number of times the heart contracts/beats per minute

Question 13

cardiac output

Answer 13

amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute in litres

calculated by SV X HR
stroke volume - amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat (ml/beat)

Question 14

stroke volume

Answer 14

amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat (ml/beat)

Question 15

when exercising, _________ reaches its maximum at around 50-60% of maximal heart rate, but ________ increases when the heart rate keeps increasing, to meet the increased oxygen demand

Answer 15

stroke volume, cardiac output

Question 16

respiratory rate

Answer 16

number of breaths a person takes per minute

Question 17

minute ventilation (VE)

Answer 17

amount of air breathed in and out in one minute

(TV X RR)

Question 18

gaseous exchange

Answer 18

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs where oxygen is brought to the blood from the lungs (via alveoli), and carbon dioxide is removed from the blood to the lungs (to be breathed out)

Question 19

vasoconstriction

Answer 19

constriction of the blood vessels (which increases blood pressure)

Question 20

vasodilation

Answer 20

widening or opening of blood vessels

Question 21

steady state

Answer 21

when oxygen supply meets oxygen demand

(don’t feel fatigues during this stage as oxygen demands are being met)

Question 22

oxygen deficit

Answer 22

(at the beginning of exercise) when the demand for oxygen exceeds the body’s ability to supply it

Question 23

EPOC (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption)

Answer 23

when our oxygen demand drops (as our exercise/training stops), but our oxygen consumption remains above the required levels for a short period of time

(oxygen supply exceeds demands)

Question 24

why does oxygen supply remain too high for demand, even after exercise has stopped (epoc)?

Answer 24

needs time to:

• return to normal breathing/heart rate
• re-oxygenate blood after muscles used it
  -replenish energy

Question 25

function of red blood cells

Answer 25

contains haemoglobin which assists in: - carrying oxygen to working muscles and other cells - removes carbon dioxide from the body

Question 26

functions of white blood cells

Answer 26

- forms a major part in the immune system - fights infection by absorbing and digesting disease-causing organisms

Question 27

functions of platelets

Answer 27

- cells that help form blood clots to stop bleeding

Question 28

functions of plasma

Answer 28

- (clear yellowish fluid) carrying blood cells and provides them with nutrients - controls and maintains bodily functions - transports waste products and assists with removal from the body

Question 29

sociocultural factors of pa, and how they can be enablers/barriers

Answer 29

family/peers - having peers that complete pa and encourage you (by supporting and taking you to games) OR having family/peers that don’t value/encourage pa (resulting in less opportunities) age - being older in age means decreased ability to move, have strength and general fitness (being younger is enabler) environment - living close/far from sporting facilities and venues (like bike paths) as you more likely to complete pa when these things are available to you, and less likely when they are not

Question 30

what is preferential recruitment, and how is it applied to situations in regard to fast and slow twitch fibres

Answer 30

preferential recruitment is the process where the body recruits and activates muscle fibers based on the demands of a muscle contraction and intensity of the task (eg. in powerlifting, where rapid/explosive movements occur, our body recruits and activates fast twitch fibres which allow for the lifting to be completed with strength and power)

Question 31

concentric is: - shortening -lengthening

Answer 31

shortening

Question 32

eccentric is: - shortening - lengthening

Answer 32

lengthening (eccentric starts with e, so does extending)

Question 33

protective equipment that can be used to prevent ligament sprains

Answer 33

taping and/or bracing

Question 34

all or nothing principle

Answer 34

a muscle will only contract if the electrical impulses are strong enough to meet or exceed the threshold

Question 35

reciprocal inhibition

Answer 35

the relaxation of muscles on one side of a joint to support the contraction on the opposing side of the joint eg. bicep brachii contracts in a bicep curl while the tricep brachii relaxes

Question 36

during inspiration, the: ribs move ______ lung ______ diaphragm moves _____

Answer 36

ribs move up and outwards lung size increases diaphragm moves down

Question 37

during expiration, the: ribs move ______ lung ______ diaphragm moves _____

Answer 37

ribs move down and inwards lung size decreases diaphragm moves up

Question 38

acute direct injuries are

Answer 38

the result of an external force

Question 39

acute indirect injuries are

Answer 39

usually caused by a sudden change in wither direction or intensity, where the force required is greater than the load the muscle/ligament can sustain

Question 40

role that the musculoskeletal system plays in being able to participate in physical activity

Answer 40

when completing pa: - our senses detect stimuli around us which inform our body how we are required to move - sensory receptors send impulses to the brain, then back to the necessary muscle groups (motor units) - these muscles are then activated and perform reciprocal inhibition (muscle relaxing on one side of the joint to support the contracting muscle on the opposing side of the joint) - contracting muscles (agonist) are attached to bones via tendons, where muscles use these tendons to pull on the bones and create the required movement - process is repeated throughout PA

Question 41

functions of skeletal system:

Answer 41

- support (provides structure and gives shape to body) - movement (allows movement) - protection (protects things like vital organs) - storage (bones store minerals like calcium) - blood cell production (some bones contain marrow which produces red/white blood cells)

Question 42

tidal volume

Answer 42

amount of air in your lungs each time you inhale/exhale

Question 43

a-VO2 difference

Answer 43

difference in oxygen content of the blood between the arterial blood and the venous blood

Question 44

V02 max

Answer 44

maximum amount of oxygen that is utilised during exercise. high vo2 max is important for endurance athletes as it allows them to process and use oxygen more efficiently which improves overall performance.