musculoskeletal, cardiorespiratory, other Flashcards
tendons
connective tissue that connects muscle to bones
ligaments
connect bones to bones
agonist when flexion of the knee occurs
bicep femoris
concentric muscle contraction (up phase)
shortening of the muscle where the insertion gets closer to the origin
eccentric muscle contraction (down phase)
lengthening of the muscle when the insertion becomes further away from the origin
isometric muscle contraction
when muscles generate force without changing length
examples of isometric muscle contractions
wall sit, plank
example of eccentric muscle contraction
downward phase of a lunge
example of concentric muscle contraction
upward phase of a bicep curl
what is resistance training?
a form of exercise that causes your skeletal muscles to contract against an external force
how does resistance training lower the risk of injury?
it increases the strength of muscles, ligaments, tendons and bones which improves flexibility and lowers the chance of things like ligament sprains and muscle strains as the body has the strength to perform and is used to having a great range of motion
heart rate
number of times the heart contracts/beats per minute
cardiac output
amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute in litres
calculated by SV X HR
stroke volume - amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat (ml/beat)
stroke volume
amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat (ml/beat)
when exercising, _________ reaches its maximum at around 50-60% of maximal heart rate, but ________ increases when the heart rate keeps increasing, to meet the increased oxygen demand
stroke volume, cardiac output
respiratory rate
number of breaths a person takes per minute
minute ventilation (VE)
amount of air breathed in and out in one minute
(TV X RR)
gaseous exchange
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs where oxygen is brought to the blood from the lungs (via alveoli), and carbon dioxide is removed from the blood to the lungs (to be breathed out)
vasoconstriction
constriction of the blood vessels (which increases blood pressure)
vasodilation
widening or opening of blood vessels
steady state
when oxygen supply meets oxygen demand
(don’t feel fatigues during this stage as oxygen demands are being met)
oxygen deficit
(at the beginning of exercise) when the demand for oxygen exceeds the body’s ability to supply it
EPOC (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption)
when our oxygen demand drops (as our exercise/training stops), but our oxygen consumption remains above the required levels for a short period of time
(oxygen supply exceeds demands)
why does oxygen supply remain too high for demand, even after exercise has stopped (epoc)?
needs time to:
- return to normal breathing/heart rate
- re-oxygenate blood after muscles used it
-replenish energy
function of red blood cells
contains haemoglobin which assists in:
- carrying oxygen to working muscles and other cells
- removes carbon dioxide from the body
functions of white blood cells
- forms a major part in the immune system
- fights infection by absorbing and digesting disease-causing organisms
functions of platelets
- cells that help form blood clots to stop bleeding
functions of plasma
- (clear yellowish fluid) carrying blood cells and provides them with nutrients
- controls and maintains bodily functions
- transports waste products and assists with removal from the body
sociocultural factors of pa, and how they can be enablers/barriers
family/peers - having peers that complete pa and encourage you (by supporting and taking you to games) OR having family/peers that don’t value/encourage pa (resulting in less opportunities)
age - being older in age means decreased ability to move, have strength and general fitness (being younger is enabler)
environment - living close/far from sporting facilities and venues (like bike paths) as you more likely to complete pa when these things are available to you, and less likely when they are not
what is preferential recruitment, and how is it applied to situations in regard to fast and slow twitch fibres
preferential recruitment is the process where the body recruits and activates muscle fibers based on the demands of a muscle contraction and intensity of the task
(eg. in powerlifting, where rapid/explosive movements occur, our body recruits and activates fast twitch fibres which allow for the lifting to be completed with strength and power)
concentric is:
- shortening
-lengthening
shortening
eccentric is:
- shortening
- lengthening
lengthening
(eccentric starts with e, so does extending)
protective equipment that can be used to prevent ligament sprains
taping and/or bracing
all or nothing principle
a muscle will only contract if the electrical impulses are strong enough to meet or exceed the threshold
reciprocal inhibition
the relaxation of muscles on one side of a joint to support the contraction on the opposing side of the joint
eg. bicep brachii contracts in a bicep curl while the tricep brachii relaxes
during inspiration, the:
ribs move ______
lung ______
diaphragm moves _____
ribs move up and outwards
lung size increases
diaphragm moves down
during expiration, the:
ribs move ______
lung ______
diaphragm moves _____
ribs move down and inwards
lung size decreases
diaphragm moves up
acute direct injuries are
the result of an external force
acute indirect injuries are
usually caused by a sudden change in wither direction or intensity, where the force required is greater than the load the muscle/ligament can sustain
role that the musculoskeletal system plays in being able to participate in physical activity
when completing pa:
- our senses detect stimuli around us which inform our body how we are required to move
- sensory receptors send impulses to the brain, then back to the necessary muscle groups (motor units)
- these muscles are then activated and perform reciprocal inhibition (muscle relaxing on one side of the joint to support the contracting muscle on the opposing side of the joint)
- contracting muscles (agonist) are attached to bones via tendons, where muscles use these tendons to pull on the bones and create the required movement
- process is repeated throughout PA
functions of skeletal system:
- support (provides structure and gives shape to body)
- movement (allows movement)
- protection (protects things like vital organs)
- storage (bones store minerals like calcium)
- blood cell production (some bones contain marrow which produces red/white blood cells)
tidal volume
amount of air in your lungs each time you inhale/exhale
a-VO2 difference
difference in oxygen content of the blood between the arterial blood and the venous blood
V02 max
maximum amount of oxygen that is utilised during exercise.
high vo2 max is important for endurance athletes as it allows them to process and use oxygen more efficiently which improves overall performance.
