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Superficial Structures > Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal Muscle contains long organized units called _______

A

muscle fibers

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2
Q

long fibers are used under voluntary control to ________

A

contract muscle and move joints

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3
Q

Muscle fibers vary, dependent on the type of muscle present. May run

A

parallel to bone, fan shape, pennate pattern (unipennate, multipennate, or circumpennate)

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4
Q

tendons are a collection of tough collagenous fibers that form the ______________ that occurs where?

A

attachment of muscle that occurs at proximal and distal portions of bundle

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5
Q

tendons connect ______

A

muscle to bone

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6
Q

Tendons occur with or without a _____

A

synovial sheath

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7
Q

a synovial sheath is a _______

A

Tubular sac surrounding tendon

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8
Q

a synovial sheath has ________ layers

A

2

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9
Q

__________ separates two layers of synovial sheath and occurs in shoulder, hand, wrist, ankle.

A

fluid

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10
Q

tendons that lack the synovial sheath have a surrounding ________, making it more difficult to see sonographically

A

fat layer or loose

connective tissue layer

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11
Q

Short bands of tough fibers connect bones to other bones

A

ligament

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12
Q

Provide support and strength of joint

A

ligament

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13
Q

Ligaments are important in the ______

A

knees, ankles, and shoulders

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14
Q

ligaments connect ______

A

bone to bone

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15
Q

Saclike structure surrounding joints and tendons that contains viscous fluid

A

bursa

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16
Q

bursas give an area for synovial fluid to aid in _________, such as tendon and bone or ligament and bone.

A

reducing the friction between two musculoskeletal structures

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17
Q

________ is the imaging modality of choice for tendons

A

MRI

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18
Q

Tendons occur with or without _____ ______

A

Synovial sheaths

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19
Q

The smooth inner layer of the sheath lies _________

A

in close contact with tendon.

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20
Q

Sonographic appearance of synovial sheath:

A

hypoechoic halo surrounding tendon

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21
Q

Tendons that lack a synovial sheath are often covered with the following layers

A

paratenon and epitendineum

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22
Q

transducer to use to evaluate tendon

A

linear array greater than 7-10 MHz

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23
Q

Joining of tendon to bone (enthesis) occurs with narrow band of _________

A

fibrocartilage

24
Q

transducer to use to evaluate ligaments

A

higher frequency transducer greater than 10 MHz

25
Q

sonographic appearance of ligaments in large joints (hip, shoulder, ankle, wrist, knee)

A

hyperecoic straplike structures usually 2-3 mm thick

26
Q

proximal portion of muscle

A

origin

27
Q

distal portion of muscle

A

insertion

28
Q

sonographic appearance of skeletal muscle

A

Homogeneous with multiple, fine parallel lines, encasing the muscle is a connective tissue fascia that is HYPERECHOIC

29
Q

sonographic appearance of normal nerve

A

Hyperechoic appearance when compared with muscle, but hypoechoic compared with tendons, fibrillar pattern with parallel inner linear echoes

30
Q

Real-time imaging shows tendons that move when _____

A

corresponding joint or muscle contracts.

31
Q

transducer used to evaluate nerves

A

10 MHz or higher linear array

32
Q

__________ is helpful because vessels accompany nerves

A

power

33
Q

Small fluid-filled sac between two moving surfaces, usually tendon and bone

A

bursa

34
Q

__________ Facilitate movement of tendons or muscles over bony projections.

A

bursa

35
Q

Minute amount of viscous fluid within bursa helps reduce _________.

A

friction between moving parts of joint.

36
Q

2 types of bursa

A

Communicating and noncommunicating

37
Q

example of communicating bursa

A

bakers cyst

38
Q

bakers cyst located where

A

medial popliteal fossa

39
Q

popliteal fossa located where

A

behind the knee

40
Q

example of noncommunicating bursa

A

prepatellar bursa

41
Q

sonographic appearance of bursa if seen

A

Slightly hypoechoic and in the presence of fluid accumulation, bursae will become visible

42
Q

with _______ artifact, the Sound beam misses the transducer on the return because of the curve of the structure

A

anisotropy

43
Q

Results in a loss of definition in the image of a structure that is curved

A

anisotropy artifact

44
Q

Multiple delayed reflections from strong tissue boundaries, such as bone, result in linear artifact that decreases in intensity with depth

A

reverberation artifact

45
Q

an artifact that occurs within metal objects such as surgical pins is _______

A

comet tail artifact

46
Q

Bending of transmitted sound beam to an oblique path occurs often.

A

refractile shadowing artifact

47
Q

with refractile shadowing artifact, Change in direction of sound beam results in ____________

A

hypoechoic band posterior to structure

48
Q

Seen at edge of round or oval ligament or as result of traumatic tear of a MS structure

A

refractile shadowing artifact

49
Q

occur when returning sound wave has passed between two tissues with markedly different speeds

A

time of flight artifact

50
Q

If speed of sound less than average in tissue, artifact appears to be ________ transducer

A

farther away from

51
Q

Faster speed results in artifact being ________ transducer on image.

A

closer to

52
Q

how to correct anisotropy artifact

A

Heel-to-toe rocking of transducer creates perpendicular angle of incidence

53
Q

how to correct reverberation artifact

A

Use of a standoff pad or changing angle of incidence

54
Q

how to correct refractile shadowing artifact

A

Compound imaging or tissue harmonics help reduce or eliminate artifact

55
Q

how to correct time of flight artifact

A

Change angle of incidence

56
Q

rotator cuff located where

A

shoulder

Superficial Structures (3 decks)

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