Musculoskeletal

Question 1

Skeletal Muscle contains long organized units called _______

Answer 1

muscle fibers

Question 2

long fibers are used under voluntary control to ________

Answer 2

contract muscle and move joints

Question 3

Muscle fibers vary, dependent on the type of muscle present. May run

Answer 3

parallel to bone, fan shape, pennate pattern (unipennate, multipennate, or circumpennate)

Question 4

tendons are a collection of tough collagenous fibers that form the ______________ that occurs where?

Answer 4

attachment of muscle that occurs at proximal and distal portions of bundle

Question 5

tendons connect ______

Answer 5

muscle to bone

Question 6

Tendons occur with or without a _____

Answer 6

synovial sheath

Question 7

a synovial sheath is a _______

Answer 7

Tubular sac surrounding tendon

Question 8

a synovial sheath has ________ layers

Answer 8

2

Question 9

__________ separates two layers of synovial sheath and occurs in shoulder, hand, wrist, ankle.

Answer 9

fluid

Question 10

tendons that lack the synovial sheath have a surrounding ________, making it more difficult to see sonographically

Answer 10

fat layer or loose

connective tissue layer

Question 11

Short bands of tough fibers connect bones to other bones

Answer 11

ligament

Question 12

Provide support and strength of joint

Answer 12

ligament

Question 13

Ligaments are important in the ______

Answer 13

knees, ankles, and shoulders

Question 14

ligaments connect ______

Answer 14

bone to bone

Question 15

Saclike structure surrounding joints and tendons that contains viscous fluid

Answer 15

bursa

Question 16

bursas give an area for synovial fluid to aid in _________, such as tendon and bone or ligament and bone.

Answer 16

reducing the friction between two musculoskeletal structures

Question 17

________ is the imaging modality of choice for tendons

Answer 17

MRI

Question 18

Tendons occur with or without _____ ______

Answer 18

Synovial sheaths

Question 19

The smooth inner layer of the sheath lies _________

Answer 19

in close contact with tendon.

Question 20

Sonographic appearance of synovial sheath:

Answer 20

hypoechoic halo surrounding tendon

Question 21

Tendons that lack a synovial sheath are often covered with the following layers

Answer 21

paratenon and epitendineum

Question 22

transducer to use to evaluate tendon

Answer 22

linear array greater than 7-10 MHz

Question 23

Joining of tendon to bone (enthesis) occurs with narrow band of _________

Answer 23

fibrocartilage

Question 24

transducer to use to evaluate ligaments

Answer 24

higher frequency transducer greater than 10 MHz

Question 25

sonographic appearance of ligaments in large joints (hip, shoulder, ankle, wrist, knee)

Answer 25

hyperecoic straplike structures usually 2-3 mm thick

Question 26

proximal portion of muscle

Answer 26

origin

Question 27

distal portion of muscle

Answer 27

insertion

Question 28

sonographic appearance of skeletal muscle

Answer 28

Homogeneous with multiple, fine parallel lines, encasing the muscle is a connective tissue fascia that is HYPERECHOIC

Question 29

sonographic appearance of normal nerve

Answer 29

Hyperechoic appearance when compared with muscle, but hypoechoic compared with tendons, fibrillar pattern with parallel inner linear echoes

Question 30

Real-time imaging shows tendons that move when _____

Answer 30

corresponding joint or muscle contracts.

Question 31

transducer used to evaluate nerves

Answer 31

10 MHz or higher linear array

Question 32

__________ is helpful because vessels accompany nerves

Answer 32

power

Question 33

Small fluid-filled sac between two moving surfaces, usually tendon and bone

Answer 33

bursa

Question 34

__________ Facilitate movement of tendons or muscles over bony projections.

Answer 34

bursa

Question 35

Minute amount of viscous fluid within bursa helps reduce _________.

Answer 35

friction between moving parts of joint.

Question 36

2 types of bursa

Answer 36

Communicating and noncommunicating

Question 37

example of communicating bursa

Answer 37

bakers cyst

Question 38

bakers cyst located where

Answer 38

medial popliteal fossa

Question 39

popliteal fossa located where

Answer 39

behind the knee

Question 40

example of noncommunicating bursa

Answer 40

prepatellar bursa

Question 41

sonographic appearance of bursa if seen

Answer 41

Slightly hypoechoic and in the presence of fluid accumulation, bursae will become visible

Question 42

with _______ artifact, the Sound beam misses the transducer on the return because of the curve of the structure

Answer 42

anisotropy

Question 43

Results in a loss of definition in the image of a structure that is curved

Answer 43

anisotropy artifact

Question 44

Multiple delayed reflections from strong tissue boundaries, such as bone, result in linear artifact that decreases in intensity with depth

Answer 44

reverberation artifact

Question 45

an artifact that occurs within metal objects such as surgical pins is _______

Answer 45

comet tail artifact

Question 46

Bending of transmitted sound beam to an oblique path occurs often.

Answer 46

refractile shadowing artifact

Question 47

with refractile shadowing artifact, Change in direction of sound beam results in ____________

Answer 47

hypoechoic band posterior to structure

Question 48

Seen at edge of round or oval ligament or as result of traumatic tear of a MS structure

Answer 48

refractile shadowing artifact

Question 49

occur when returning sound wave has passed between two tissues with markedly different speeds

Answer 49

time of flight artifact

Question 50

If speed of sound less than average in tissue, artifact appears to be ________ transducer

Answer 50

farther away from

Question 51

Faster speed results in artifact being ________ transducer on image.

Answer 51

closer to

Question 52

how to correct anisotropy artifact

Answer 52

Heel-to-toe rocking of transducer creates perpendicular angle of incidence

Question 53

how to correct reverberation artifact

Answer 53

Use of a standoff pad or changing angle of incidence

Question 54

how to correct refractile shadowing artifact

Answer 54

Compound imaging or tissue harmonics help reduce or eliminate artifact

Question 55

how to correct time of flight artifact

Answer 55

Change angle of incidence

Question 56

rotator cuff located where

Answer 56

shoulder