Musculoskeletal Flashcards
Muscles
-Necessary for movement
-Contracts and relieves to move the joint
Tendons
-Attaches muscle to bone
Bones
-Provides a frame work and support for the attachment of tissues
Ligaments
-Attaches a bone to a bone
Cartilage
-Reduces the friction and absorbed the shocks in the joint which allows it to move more freely
Synovial capsule
-Secretes synovial fluid and maintains the joint stability
Synovial fluid
-Lubricates the joints
Bones
-Living and growing tissues
-Require nutrients and oxygen
-Made from proteins and salts like calcium phosphate
-Growth plates- areas that enable to bone to keep growing until the adult high is reached
-Bone growth- actively maintain the skeletal system
3 bone cells
1.Osteoblast cells- invade the cartilage and deposit minerals to create the bones
2.Osteocyte- a bone cell which is a fully mineralised osteoblast bone cell
3.Osteoclast- remove bones by producing enzymes that dissolve the bones
Transverse part of a long bone
-The osteon is the chief structural unit of a compact bone
-It consists of concentric layers of bone called lamellae
-Haversian canal- central hallow passageway which contains nerves and small blood vessels to supply the osteocytes with nutrients
-Lacunae- spaces within the lamellae which contain osteocytes
-Canaliculi- channels across the lamellae
6 joints
1.Ball and socket- like the hip and shoulder
2.Hinge- like the elbow and the knee
3.Pivot- like the neck
4.Sliding- like the ankle and the wrist
5.Saddle- like the base of the thumb
6.Fixed- like the pelvis and the skull bones
Muscle action around a joint
-Skeletal muscles are connected to bones by tendons
-When a muscle contracts it shortens and the tendon pulls on the bone
-The skeletal muscle work in antagonistic pairs meaning that they crate movement when one contracts the other relaxes
-Muscles can’t push so a muscle relaxes whilst its partner contracts
Osteoporosis
-A determination of bone tissue which leads to fragility and fractures of the bones
-Symptoms- a fall which can lead to fractures often of the wrists, vertebrae and hips
-Explanation- caused by an imbalance of osteoclasts and osteoblasts which can decrease the bone density and mean the bones become weaker and brittler
-Causes- genetics, heaving smoking, heaving drinking, eating disorders and long term use of steroids
2 types arthritis
-Symptoms- stiff and painful joints which can worsen when hasn’t been moved in a while, knobbly joints and cracking and grating sounds in the joints
-Causes- cartilage looses its elasticity as it is worn away over time and eventually the bones start to rub together
1.Osteoarthritis- due to wear and tear on the joints, can be genetic, being overweight and may develop as the result of an injury
2.Rheumatoid arthritis- may have throbbing pains and swellings around the joints, autoimmune condition where the cells attack the lining of the joints and as the synovial membrane becomes inflamed the cartilage is gradually destroyed which causes a build up of scar tissues
